{"id":8483,"date":"2016-11-03T16:05:17","date_gmt":"2016-11-03T20:05:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/battling-headwinds-how-alaska-airlines-is-navigating-impending-climate-change-regulation\/"},"modified":"2016-11-08T19:00:25","modified_gmt":"2016-11-09T00:00:25","slug":"battling-headwinds-how-alaska-airlines-is-navigating-impending-climate-change-regulation","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/battling-headwinds-how-alaska-airlines-is-navigating-impending-climate-change-regulation\/","title":{"rendered":"Battling Headwinds: How Alaska Airlines Is Navigating Impending Climate Change Regulation"},"content":{"rendered":"

Alaska Airlines might be characterized as the little airline that could.\u00a0 Although it accounts for only 5% of U.S. air carrier capacity, Alaska is the only major airline never to have filed for bankruptcy and today is America\u2019s most profitable major air carrier\u00a0[1]<\/a>.\u00a0 Despite its 85-year enterprising history, though, Alaska now faces a new existential threat\u2014climate change and the impending airline regulations designed to abate it.\u00a0 Can Alaska Airlines weather this latest storm as a small, independent carrier?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Alaska<\/a>
Alaska Airlines achieves industry-leading fuel efficiency with its modern fleet of Boeing 737 aircraft retrofitted with split-scimitar winglets. \u00a0Source: https:\/\/newsroom.alaskaair.com\/photos?cat=2745<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The Challenge<\/strong><\/h1>\n

Commercial airplanes produced 11% of the U.S. transportation sector\u2019s greenhouse gas emissions in 2013\u00a0[2]<\/a>.\u00a0 In addition to the literal headwinds that climate change will impose through altered wind patterns\u00a0[3]<\/a>, airlines will need to comply with costly new environmental regulations.\u00a0 While the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been working to implement emissions standards for aircraft and engine manufacturers since 2015\u00a0[4]<\/a>, the regulations that will most directly impact airlines are known as CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation).\u00a0 CORSIA, formally adopted by the U.N. in October 2016\u00a0[5]<\/a>, will set baseline CO2 emissions at the average of 2019-2020 levels\u00a0[6]<\/a>.\u00a0 Starting in 2021, to the extent the global airline industry exceeds baseline levels, carriers will be required to offset emissions by purchasing carbon credits in global markets.<\/p>\n

While the specifics of measurement and enforcement at the individual carrier level have yet to be set, Alaska, like all carriers, must prepare to adapt to a new operational and economic reality.<\/p>\n

Alaska’s Responses<\/strong><\/h1>\n

Airlines can reduce their emission profiles through (i) air traffic control and operational improvements, (ii) cleaner-burning fuels, and (iii) fleet upgrades.\u00a0 Alaska Airlines is an industry leader in all three areas, having already reduced its 2015 greenhouse gas emissions by 12% relative to its 2009 baseline\u00a0[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Air Traffic Control Improvements<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\"Example<\/a>
Example of an FAA Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR) route into Seattle-Tacoma Int\u2019l Airport. Source: http:\/\/www.airnav.com\/airport\/KSEA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Since 2010, Alaska Airlines has partnered with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) (which operates the U.S. air traffic control system), Boeing, and Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, to implement its \u201cGreener Skies Over Seattle\u201d (GSOS) initiative.\u00a0 Nationwide, most flights are instructed to descend from their cruise altitudes in a \u201cstaircase\u201d pattern, making several descents to intermediate altitudes and applying engine power to maintain those altitudes.\u00a0 GSOS is testing alternate arrival routes allowing certain flights to descend continuously from cruise altitude to the airport, with minimal power necessary until final approach\u00a0[8]<\/a>.\u00a0 Each Boeing 737-800 using these routes saves nearly 600 gallons of fuel, eliminating 1,800+ pounds in emissions\u00a0[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Alternate Fuels<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Alaska Airlines has also been encouraging the development of \u201csustainable aviation biofuels,\u201d including those developed from used cooking oil and the byproducts of forest clearings, which vendors claim reduce emissions by 50% over their lifecycles compared to petroleum fuels.\u00a0 Alaska Airlines was the first U.S. carrier to operate scheduled flights using biofuel.<\/p>\n

Challenges to scaling the use of biofuels include production science, economic viability (encouraging the development and purchasing of biofuels during today\u2019s low oil price environment may require government subsidies), and infrastructure (each airport must invest in facilities to make biofuel available).<\/p>\n

Alaska Airlines in 2015 initiated a $250,000 study with Seattle-Tacoma International Airport on the feasibility of building biofuel infrastructure\u00a0[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Fleet Upgrades<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\"Alaska<\/a>
Alaska Airlines has been ranked the most fuel-efficient U.S. carrier five years in a row. Source: International Council on Clean Transportation.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Alaska Airlines has been ranked the most fuel-efficient U.S. carrier five years in a row by the International Council on Clean Transportation, using 25% less fuel per revenue passenger-mile than the lowest-ranked carrier\u00a0[11]<\/a>.\u00a0 Alaska attributes its fuel efficiency to its young fleet, installation of fuel-saving aftermarket retrofits such as winglets, and efficient routings, like the continuous descent arrival procedure described above\u00a0[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Preparing for Takeoff<\/strong><\/h1>\n

Alaska Airlines has initiated several projects that have the capability to substantially reduce its future emissions footprint.\u00a0 Over the coming years, Alaska should advance these projects so they can be deployed to their full potential, minimizing emissions offsetting expenses after CORSIA\u2019s 2020 base year.\u00a0 Specifically, Alaska should work with the FAA and other carriers to fully implement continuous-descent arrivals at airports throughout Alaska\u2019s route network.\u00a0 Alaska should also remain laser-focused on profitability so it can continue to outpace its competitors\u00a0by investing in newer, more fuel-efficient aircraft.<\/p>\n

While some initiatives, such as those described above, are within Alaska\u2019s control, realizing other imperatives, such as commercializing aviation biofuels, may require influencing or co-opting players far larger than Alaska, including other airlines and the U.S. government.<\/p>\n

Alaska Airlines is proud to have resisted acquisition and succeeded as a small, nimble carrier throughout its history.\u00a0 Now, aviation climate change regulation threatens to fundamentally change the industry\u2019s economics and power dynamics.\u00a0 Will scale and the ability to influence government and alternative fuel suppliers matter more in the airline industry of the future, or can Alaska continue to harness the entrepreneurial\u00a0resourcefulness of its namesake state to fly independently into the future?<\/p>\n

(782 words)<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Adam Levine-Weinberg, \u201cHow America’s Most Profitable Airline Will Keep Flying in 2017,\u201d The Motley Fool, <\/em>http:\/\/www.fool.com\/investing\/2016\/10\/24\/how-americas-most-profitable-airline-will-keep-fly.aspx<\/a>, accessed November 2015.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> International Council on Clean Transportation, \u201cU.S. domestic airline fuel efficiency ranking, 2014\u201d (PDF file), downloaded from ICCT website, http:\/\/www.theicct.org\/us-domestic-airline-fuel-efficiency-ranking-2014<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Paul D. Williams, \u201cTransatlantic flight times and climate change,\u201d http:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2016-02-climate-transatlantic-flights.html<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>Jad Mouawad and Coral Davenport, \u201cE.P.A. Takes Step to Cut Emissions From Planes,\u201d New York Times<\/em>, June 10, 2015, http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/06\/11\/business\/energy-environment\/epa-says-it-will-set-rules-for-airplane-emissions.html<\/a>, accessed November 2015.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> \u201cHistoric agreement reached to mitigate international aviation emissions,\u201d press release, October 6, 2016, on ICAO website, http:\/\/www.icao.int\/Newsroom\/Pages\/Historic-agreement-reached-to-mitigate-international-aviation-emissions.aspx<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> ICAO, \u201cWhat is CORSIA and how does it work?\u201d, http:\/\/www.icao.int\/environmental-protection\/Pages\/A39_CORSIA_FAQ2.aspx<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Alaska Airlines, \u201cFlight emissions,\u201d https:\/\/www.alaskaair.com\/content\/about-us\/sustainability-report\/environment\/flight-emissions.aspx<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Federal Aviation Administration, \u201cGreener Skies Over Seattle,\u201d https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/nextgen\/snapshots\/stories\/?slide=6<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> GreenAirOnline.com, \u201cFuel and emissions savings from Sea-Tac Greener Skies precision approach initiative exceed expectations,\u201d http:\/\/www.greenaironline.com\/news.php?viewStory=2120<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Alaska Airlines, \u201cSustainable biofuel,\u201d https:\/\/www.alaskaair.com\/content\/about-us\/sustainability-report\/environment\/sustainable-biofuel.aspx<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> International Council on Clean Transportation.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> \u201cAlaska Airlines rated #1 fuel efficient U.S. carrier for fifth year in a row,\u201d press release, November 9, 2015, on PR Newswire website, http:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/alaska-airlines-rated-1-fuel-efficient-us-carrier-for-fifth-year-in-a-row-300175094.html<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

For 85 years, Alaska Airlines has been the little airline that could, avoiding the bankruptcies and consolidations that have plagued nearly every other major U.S. carrier. 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