{"id":5842,"date":"2015-12-09T20:11:42","date_gmt":"2015-12-10T01:11:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/spirit-airlines-ultra-low-cost-ultra-impressive-profits\/"},"modified":"2015-12-09T20:25:11","modified_gmt":"2015-12-10T01:25:11","slug":"spirit-airlines-ultra-low-cost-ultra-impressive-profits","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/spirit-airlines-ultra-low-cost-ultra-impressive-profits\/","title":{"rendered":"Spirit Airlines: Ultra-Low-Cost, Ultra-Impressive-Profits"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>The business model<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Spirit describes itself as an \u201cultra-low-cost-carrier\u201d, and specifically targets price conscious customers with low fares and a \u201cno frills\u201d flying experience.\u00a0 It is committed to being the lowest-cost airline in order to be recognized as the low fare leader in the markets they serve.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, rather than offer its customers a bundled price that airlines traditionally use to cover the cost of non-essential services beyond the base fare (e.g. checked luggage, advance seat assignments, refreshments, staff assistance at check-in), Spirit unbundles these options and gives its customers the option to pay for them individually.<\/p>\n<p>Spirit serves a segment of the market that most airlines cannot without losing money.\u00a0 Spirit had the market insight that many base fares are beyond the reach of a large customer segment who cannot afford frequent air travel, and Spirit recognized that if it could sufficiently lower its cost base it could serve this segment without significant competition.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Operating model<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Spirit\u2019s operating model is tightly focused on maximizing asset utilization and non-ticket revenues per passenger to reduce base fares and stimulate passenger demand that most airlines cannot serve profitably.<\/p>\n<p><u>Maximize asset utilization:<\/u>\u00a0 airlines are inherently\u00a0high-fixed-cost\u00a0businesses, and Spirit seeks to lower per unit costs with high asset turnover and by managing the variable costs associated with using those assets.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Single fleet type:<\/strong> they avoid the additional costs of training crews to operate multiple types of aircraft and ensure that flight crews are interchangeable across their network.\u00a0 Maintenance, operational support, and spare part inventories are highly simplified versus competitors with more complex fleets.<\/li>\n<li><strong>High seat density:<\/strong> Spirit invested in adjustments to its aircraft fleet to allow for 20% higher seat capacity on average vs competitors with comparable aircraft.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Route maximization:<\/strong> Spirit&#8217;s average daily aircraft utilization is 12.7hrs vs 11.8hrs for JetBlue and 10.9hrs for Southwest.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>Incentivize lower-cost customer behavior:<\/u>\u00a0 Spirit uses fees to incentivize customer behaviors that lowers its operating costs.\u00a0 Two examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>High baggage fees:<\/strong> Spirit charges comparatively high costs for carry-on and checked baggage versus other airlines.\u00a0 It seeks\u00a0to dissuade passengers from flying with checked baggage which allows it to board and empty planes faster and thus fly more routes in a single day, employ fewer baggage handlers and support personnel, and increase fuel efficiency (fuel costs are ~40% of operating costs for a typical airline and the additional weight of luggage has a material effect on the amount of fuel consumed in-flight).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Boarding pass printing: <\/strong>Spirit charges passengers $10 for boarding passes printed by a gate agent and temporarily introduced $2 charges for passengers who printed boarding passes at kiosks at the airport.\u00a0 Its goal is to drive\u00a0passengers to print their boarding passes at home to reduce the expenses they incur] by employing a large number of gate agent staff.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>Maximize ancillary revenues:<\/u>\u00a0 Spirit stimulates passenger demand through low base fares while offering a suite of additional products and services designed to maximize non-ticket revenue per passenger including a subscription service to access flash sales of $9 fares, third-party travel insurance, advance seat selection, third-party travel packages, in-flight products, and on-board advertising. \u00a0They have been remarkably successful, growing ancillary revenues per passenger from $5 in 2006 to $55 in 2014.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The result of Spirit\u2019s strategy has been an unrivaled low cost position among domestic carriers. \u00a0It&#8217;s Cost Per Available Seat Mile (CASM), an important measure of unit costs in the airline industry, is 20% lower than Southwest&#8217;s, and 100% lower than United Airline&#8217;s.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i4tsk12in2b2y7uts14c528g-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-1-v2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5739\" src=\"https:\/\/i4tsk12in2b2y7uts14c528g-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-1-v2-300x211.jpg\" alt=\"Exhibit 1 v2\" width=\"405\" height=\"285\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-1-v2-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-1-v2-1024x720.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-1-v2-600x422.jpg 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-1-v2.jpg 1178w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 405px) 100vw, 405px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>This has allowed them to dominate a market segment where they face little viable competition. \u00a080% of Spirit&#8217;s passengers buy tickets priced in the lowest fare band where they have a\u00a0clear cost advantage:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i4tsk12in2b2y7uts14c528g-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-2-v2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5775\" src=\"https:\/\/i4tsk12in2b2y7uts14c528g-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-2-v2-300x207.jpg\" alt=\"Exhibit 2 v2\" width=\"403\" height=\"278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-2-v2-300x207.jpg 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-2-v2-1024x705.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-2-v2-600x413.jpg 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-2-v2.jpg 1189w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Moreover, the success of their ancillary revenue strategy has allowed them to drive base fares well below the competition\u2019s break-even cost. \u00a0Spirit&#8217;s average total fares (inclusive of ancillary revenues and base fares) are $100 versus $125 for Southwest and $150 for JetBlue, despite higher pretax profit margins (21% for Spirit versus 16% and 12% for Southwest and JetBlue, respectively):<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i4tsk12in2b2y7uts14c528g-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-3-v2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5787\" src=\"https:\/\/i4tsk12in2b2y7uts14c528g-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-3-v2-300x211.jpg\" alt=\"Exhibit 3 v2\" width=\"394\" height=\"277\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-3-v2-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-3-v2-1024x719.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-3-v2-600x421.jpg 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/12\/Exhibit-3-v2.jpg 1180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 394px) 100vw, 394px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>It has accomplished this\u00a0while delivering industry-leading operating margins of 13 \u2013 20% every year since their IPO in May 2011. \u00a0To be clear, Spirit is not a pleasant flying experience.\u00a0 But its business model and operating model give it an impressive competitive advantage that has allowed it to reach a customer base for whom flying was once out of reach, all while delivering profits rarely seen in the airline industry.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sources:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/files.shareholder.com\/downloads\/ABEA-5PAQQ9\/1137752048x0x860114\/F80EC5FA-AC2D-4F79-9E21-E39AEBD89EEB\/Baird_2015_Spirit_Airlines_FINAL.pdf<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/files.shareholder.com\/downloads\/ABEA-5PAQQ9\/1137752048x0x846205\/971A17A5-D3D8-4E78-90A3-0EE9193A4B35\/Spirit_August_2015_FINAL.pdf<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.spirit.com\/Content\/Documents\/en-US\/Spirit%20Airlines%20History.pdf<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/ir.spirit.com\/events.cfm<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/marketrealist.com\/2015\/11\/investors-introduction-spirit-airlines-pioneer\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Spirit Airlines has accomplished the seemingly impossible in the US airline industry: it has never lost money.  It does so by keeping its business model, customer promise, and operating model simple and tightly aligned.  It offers the lowest fares by being the lowest cost operator and has captured a segment of the market that is unprofitable for most of its competitors to serve.  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":423,"featured_media":5905,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[9,933,549],"class_list":["post-5842","hck-submission","type-hck-submission","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-airlines","category-low-cost-carriers","category-spirit"],"connected_submission_link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/assignment\/the-tom-challenge-tom-winners-and-losers-assignment\/","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Spirit Airlines: Ultra-Low-Cost, Ultra-Impressive-Profits - Technology and Operations Management<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/spirit-airlines-ultra-low-cost-ultra-impressive-profits\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Spirit Airlines: Ultra-Low-Cost, Ultra-Impressive-Profits - Technology and Operations Management\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Spirit Airlines has accomplished the seemingly impossible in the US airline industry: it has never lost money. 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