{"id":29723,"date":"2018-11-13T13:04:37","date_gmt":"2018-11-13T18:04:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/is-the-swedish-start-up-cellink-revolutionizing-the-health-care-industry-by-playing-god\/"},"modified":"2018-11-13T13:04:37","modified_gmt":"2018-11-13T18:04:37","slug":"is-the-swedish-biotech-start-up-cellink-revolutionizing-the-health-care-industry-by-playing-god","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/is-the-swedish-biotech-start-up-cellink-revolutionizing-the-health-care-industry-by-playing-god\/","title":{"rendered":"Is the Swedish Biotech Start-up Cellink Revolutionizing the Health Care Industry by Playing God?"},"content":{"rendered":"

A major problem in health care is the global shortage of organs available for lifesaving transplants. In the UK patients on average have to wait 944 days to get a kidney transplant, and similar can be seen for other organs[1]<\/a>. In the US only one third of the more than 114,000 patients on the national transplant waiting list received a transplant last year[2]<\/a>. As a result 20 people die every day in the US alone waiting for an organ transplant[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

However, the imbalance between supply and demand for organ transplants continues to widen[4]<\/a>. The demand for transplants has increased as a result of an aging population, and lifestyle factors adding to the burden of illness[5]<\/a>. The organ donor is usually a victim of a sudden fatal event, e.g. a car accident or a stroke, but as cars become safer and first-aid becomes increasingly effective there are less suitable donors[6]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Medical researchers are turning to regenerative medicine, particularly 3D bioprinting, to address the growing shortage. 3D printing technology was invented in the 1980s, and is today used to manufacture everything from trainers to vehicle parts[7]<\/a>. Bioprinting offers the potential to manufacture human tissues and ultimately organs on demand for the many patients globally in desperate need of transplants[8]<\/a>. However, this requires printing with living cells, which is significantly more difficult than printing of plastic or metal-based components[9]<\/a>[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Swedish Biotech start-up, Cellink, was founded in 2016 to focus on the development of bioprinting technologies[11]<\/a>. The company introduced the first standardized bioink, a biomaterial, consisting primarily of nanocellulose alginate, enabling human cells to grow and thrive as they would in the human body[12]<\/a>. The launch was a success and the company won several awards for innovation, in addition to financial backing from prominent investors[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Cellink\u2019s innovative, patent-pending bioink [14]<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>Historically, the bioprinting market was characterized by high priced 3D printers and the need for research teams to create their own bioink. Cellink reinvented this business model by turning the focus away from the printer towards its standardized, patent-pending bioink. Whereas competitors sell bioprinters for $150,000, Cellink sells its printers for $10,000 by using more cost-efficient components. By decreasing the price of bioprinters and offering a standardized bioink, Cellink made bioprinting accessible to many more research teams. Moreover, Cellink\u2019s focus on bioink enabled the company to reinvent the pricing strategy. Similar to Gilette\u2019s pricing of razors and blades, Cellink sells the printer at production cost and make money by selling bioink components at a premium. [15]<\/a>[16]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Cellink\u2019s 3D bioprinter [17]<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>The company focuses heavily on growth by targeting a wide range of customers and applications. Cellink is targeting both commercial users, e.g. J&J and Shiseido, and academic users, e.g. 性视界 and KTH, and has sold their products in over 40 countries. Additionally, they focus on the development of pharmaceutical, cosmetics as well as clinical applications.[18]<\/a><\/p>\n

Cellink\u2019s unique bioink and pricing strategy has reinvented the bioprinting business model and widened accessibility of the bioprinting technology worldwide. Given the critical role of the bioink component in the business model, it is crucial to invest in further development of the bioink, coupled with commercialization of the offering, to sustain Cellink\u2019s competitive advantage.<\/p>\n

Although bioprinting is used to print select human tissues, the technology remains largely experimental[19]<\/a>[20]<\/a>. Thus, uncertainties remain regarding market uptake and adoption across applications. Remembering that Cellink is a relatively small start-up with limited resources, the lack of focus across geographies, customers and applications is concerning. Rather the company should focus on a select number of promising and disruptive use cases to ensure faster and more sustainable impact. Pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications show most promise as the use cases are more feasible, and face less ethical controversy compared to clinical applications. Cellink should target efforts on US and Scandinavia given their existing bandwidth and general organ demand in these regions.<\/p>\n

Given the increased competitiveness in the market and the inherent technology uncertainties, Cellink should consider partnering with large pharmaceutical companies to secure financial stability long-term and the ability to whether out a potentially slow market adoption.<\/p>\n

However, bioprinting raises a number of ethical issues. One emerging concern is that the cost of bioprinting treatments may increase disparity in health care. Another is ensuring that clinical applications are safe and effective. Lastly, and most controversially, bioprinting could potentially be used to create lungs that oxygenate blood more efficiently or skin tissue that doesn\u2019t age, allowing some humans the benefits of artificially enhanced organs.[21]<\/a>[22]<\/a> It is thus instrumental that Cellink collaborate with regulators and market participants to create awareness of the intrinsic risks and opportunities, and ultimately develop industry standards for the bioprinting industry.<\/p>\n

One question remains though, how do we, not God, balance the opportunity of saving thousands of lives with the risk of potential misuse of the bioprinting technology?<\/p>\n

(Total word count: 792)<\/p>\n

Sources:<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u201cWaiting time to kidney transplant down 18% but shortage of donors still costing lives\u201d, press release, March 9 2017, on NHS website, https:\/\/www.organdonation.nhs.uk\/news-and-campaigns\/news\/waiting-time-to-kidney-transplant-down-18-but-shortage-of-donors-still-costing-lives\/, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> U.S. Government Information on Organ Donation and Transplantation, \u201cOrgan Donation Statistics\u201d, https:\/\/www.organdonor.gov\/statistics-stories\/statistics.html, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> U.S. Government Information on Organ Donation and Transplantation, \u201cOrgan Donation Statistics\u201d, https:\/\/www.organdonor.gov\/statistics-stories\/statistics.html, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, \u201cNeed continues to grow\u201d, https:\/\/optn.transplant.hrsa.gov\/need-continues-to-grow\/, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Sarah White et al., \u201cThe global diffusion of organ transplantation: trends, drivers and policy implications\u201d, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, August 22, 2014, http:\/\/www.who.int\/bulletin\/online_first\/blt.14.137653.pdf, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> \u201cA tissue of truth: Printed human body parts could soon be available for transplant\u201d, January 28, 2017, The Economist, https:\/\/www.economist.com\/science-and-technology\/2017\/01\/28\/printed-human-body-parts-could-soon-be-available-for-transplant, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Hendricks Drew, \u201d 3D Printing Is Already Changing Health Care\u201d, 性视界 Business Review, March 4, 2016, https:\/\/hbr.org\/2016\/03\/3d-printing-is-already-changing-health-care, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> \u201cA tissue of truth: Printed human body parts could soon be available for transplant\u201d, January 28, 2017, The Economist, https:\/\/www.economist.com\/science-and-technology\/2017\/01\/28\/printed-human-body-parts-could-soon-be-available-for-transplant, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> \u201cPrinting a bit of me\u201d, March 8, 2014, The Economist, https:\/\/www.economist.com\/technology-quarterly\/2014\/03\/08\/printing-a-bit-of-me, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> S. Murphy, and A. Atala, 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs, Nature Biotechnology 32, no. 8 (2014): 773, 778.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Cellink, \u201cAbout Us\u201d, https:\/\/cellink.com\/about-us\/, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> \u201c3D printers start to build factories of the future\u201d, June 29, 2018, The Economist, https:\/\/www.economist.com\/briefing\/2017\/06\/29\/3d-printers-start-to-build-factories-of-the-future, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Lewis Tim, \u201cCould 3D printing solve the organ transplant shortage?\u201d, The Guardian, July 30, 2017, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/jul\/30\/will-3d-printing-solve-the-organ-transplant-shortage, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Cellink, \u201cBioink\u201d, https:\/\/cellink.com\/bioink\/, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> \u201c3D printers start to build factories of the future\u201d, June 29, 2018, The Economist, https:\/\/www.economist.com\/briefing\/2017\/06\/29\/3d-printers-start-to-build-factories-of-the-future, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Lewis Tim, \u201cCould 3D printing solve the organ transplant shortage?\u201d, The Guardian, July 30, 2017, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/jul\/30\/will-3d-printing-solve-the-organ-transplant-shortage, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Cellink, \u201cBioprinter\u201d, https:\/\/cellink.com\/bioprinter\/, accessed November 2018<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Cellink, \u201cAbout Us\u201d, https:\/\/cellink.com\/about-us\/, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> \u201cA tissue of truth: Printed human body parts could soon be available for transplant\u201d, January 28, 2017, The Economist, https:\/\/www.economist.com\/science-and-technology\/2017\/01\/28\/printed-human-body-parts-could-soon-be-available-for-transplant, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> S. Murphy, and A. Atala, 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs, Nature Biotechnology 32, no. 8 (2014): 773.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Williams Rhiannon, \u201c3D printing human tissue and organs sparks ethics debate\u201d, The Telegraph, Jan 29, 2014, https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/technology\/news\/10604035\/3D-printing-human-tissue-and-organs-to-spark-ethics-debate.html, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Sanjairaj Vijayavenkataraman et al., \u201c3D bioprinting \u2013 An Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects (ELSA) framework\u201d, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Working paper, August 9, 2016, https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2405886616300021, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n

[Featured image] Dormehl Luke, “Inside Cellink, the Swedish company building 3D printers for living tissue”, Digital Trends, April 20, 2018,\u00a0https:\/\/www.digitaltrends.com\/cool-tech\/inside-cellink-hq\/, accessed November 2018.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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