{"id":27500,"date":"2018-11-09T15:43:44","date_gmt":"2018-11-09T20:43:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/zhima-credit-will-alibabas-social-credit-system-turn-china-into-a-black-mirror-episode\/"},"modified":"2018-11-09T15:43:44","modified_gmt":"2018-11-09T20:43:44","slug":"zhima-credit-will-alibabas-social-credit-system-turn-china-into-a-black-mirror-episode","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/zhima-credit-will-alibabas-social-credit-system-turn-china-into-a-black-mirror-episode\/","title":{"rendered":"Zhima Credit \u2013 Will Alibaba\u2019s social credit system turn China into a \u201cBlack Mirror\u201d episode?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cWhy are you using Ant CreditPay but not credit card?\u201d I asked Selina, my friend who just finished paying for snacks on Taobao with Ant CreditPay, the consumer finance product of Alibaba. \u201cI don\u2019t have a credit card.\u201d She said, \u201cBesides the more I use it, the better my Zhima Credit score will be \u2013 You get all the benefits in life like no deposit when renting apartments. Plus, don\u2019t you want to be a trustworthy person with high scores?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Selina is a typical example of the many financially under-served in China \u2013\u00a0 the average credit card per person in the country in 2015 was only 0.3 compared to 3.1 in US [1]. A major driver behind was the poor retail banking infrastructure &#8211; credit score coverage is only 28% [2] vs. 58% in US [3]. As a result, it\u2019s difficult for individuals with lower or unstable earnings to have access to personal financing, as banks don\u2019t have enough data points to make a justified credit decision. The lengthy and burdensome loan application process to obtain data from customer further exacerbated the problem. Many banks even strategically dropped the lower end retail banking segment, leaving huge market blanks to be filled.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/11\/\u56fe\u72471-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-27489\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/11\/\u56fe\u72471-1-1024x397.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"248\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/11\/\u56fe\u72471-1-1024x397.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/11\/\u56fe\u72471-1-300x116.jpg 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/11\/\u56fe\u72471-1-768x298.jpg 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/11\/\u56fe\u72471-1-600x233.jpg 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/11\/\u56fe\u72471-1.jpg 1886w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Disruption of machine learning (ML) came from Alibaba, the tech giant who had accumulated tons of data through e-commerce and already experienced the power of ML in product recommendation. Leveraging ML to provide consumer financing that banks failed to do was strategically important and represented Alibaba\u2019s next growth engine: tapping into lower-end customer segment on e-commerce by offering credit, generating new revenue streams in lending, collecting customers\u2019 valuable financial data and increasing stickiness of the ecosystem.<\/p>\n<p>To achieve the goal, Alibaba first step out to research and develop a revolutionary credit model. The result was Zhima Credit (ZC), which uses five dimensions to determine a person\u2019s credit-worthiness:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Identification: education and career background<\/li>\n<li>Ability to pay back: personal asset e.g. real estate, financial asset, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Credit history: past credit application and payment info<\/li>\n<li>Social connections: trustworthiness of friends, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Behavior: shopping patterns, utility, donation, transfer, etc. [4]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/11\/zhima-credit-score.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27475\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/11\/zhima-credit-score.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"657\" height=\"328\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/11\/zhima-credit-score.jpg 657w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/11\/zhima-credit-score-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/11\/zhima-credit-score-600x300.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 657px) 100vw, 657px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Source: Glotech trends [5]<\/p>\n<p>As can be inferred from above, apart from the few static metrics used in bank models, Alibaba also based its lending decision on large amount of dynamic behavior and social data obtained from its ecosystem and partners. It used deep learning to discover indicators of individual creditworthiness and optimize the model continuously with inputs of actual lending outcome. With this approach, Alibaba was able to address a broader consumer base, not only \u201cthe established\u201d, but also \u201cpotential winners\u201d- e.g. college graduate without a job but have good social connections. Besides, the credit application is highly automated and efficient: After initial input of information, the credit score and the eligible credit line is calculated automatically, meaning 0 wait time during actual credit application.<\/p>\n<p>The next, relatively long-term step of ZC is to create more scenarios offline and build the credit score ecosystem. Through partnership, ZC allowed users with higher scores to have access to differentiated services e.g. renting bikes\/cars\/houses without paying deposits and easier visa application for certain countries, e.g. Luxemburg, further increasing the product\u2019s publicity and attractiveness to consumers.<\/p>\n<p>The results were astonishing: About 2 years after initial launch, Ant CreditPay reached 80 Million active users, with 47 % of customers under 30 years old and 60% never used a credit card. [6]<\/p>\n<p>Going forward, I believe the major issue Alibaba faces is how to be more compliant with current standards so that ZC can have broader impact on the society\u2019s financial inclusivity. Recently, under regulators\u2019 coordination, ZC as well as 7 other private credit scoring companies jointly formed an independent credit scoring entity with 36 % government stake and 64% private stake (8% each company). Working with the government in future, ZC needs to apply more strict standards in privacy protection and fairness of the system, as the regulation states that \u201ccredit scoring should not be used intentionally to classify people into different classes and status.\u201d[7] ZC\u2019s current approach of offering differentiated services to people with higher scores and tapping into certain data without customer permission may pose regulatory risks in the future.<\/p>\n<p>If ZC is going to fully abide by the regulation, will it lose competitive advantage in its proprietary credit model as certain data can no longer be used? Will this negatively impact the reliability of current model? In terms of fair dealing, will ZC lose attractiveness to customers who see higher score and the associated benefits as a social status? Many questions remain open, but there is one we know for sure: Not turning China into a \u201cBlack Mirror\u201d episode and playing by the rules is the only way ZC can have sustainable impact in China.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>790 words<\/p>\n<p>Source:<\/p>\n<p>[1] Bank for International Settlements, quoted in Mancy Sun, Piyush Mubayi, Tian Lu, Stanley Tian, \u201cThe Rise of China FinTech\u201d, Goldman Sachs, Aug 7, 2017, p38, <a href=\"http:\/\/hybg.cebnet.com.cn\/upload\/gaoshengfintech.pdf\">http:\/\/hybg.cebnet.com.cn\/upload\/gaoshengfintech.pdf<\/a>, accessed Nov 2018<\/p>\n<p>[2]01Think Tank, \u201cSilicon Valley-Beijing Dialogue 2017\u201d, Sep 25, 2017, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.01caijing.com\/article\/17816.htm\">http:\/\/www.01caijing.com\/article\/17816.htm<\/a>, accessed Nov 2018<\/p>\n<p>[3] FICO Company, \u201cABOUT\u201d, <a href=\"https:\/\/ficoscore.com\/about\/\">https:\/\/ficoscore.com\/about\/<\/a>, accessed Nov 2018<\/p>\n<p>[4] Zhima Credit Company, \u201cZhima Credit\u201d, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.xin.xin\/#\/detail\/1-2-0\">https:\/\/www.xin.xin\/#\/detail\/1-2-0<\/a>, accessed Nov 2018<\/p>\n<p>[5] Glotech Trend, <a href=\"https:\/\/glotechtrends.com\/zhima-credit-car-renting-171129\/\">https:\/\/glotechtrends.com\/zhima-credit-car-renting-171129\/<\/a>, accessed Nov 2018<\/p>\n<p>[6] cnstock, \u201cAnt CreditPay reached 100M users\u201d, <a href=\"http:\/\/news.cnstock.com\/industry,cyqb-197001-3940533.htm\">http:\/\/news.cnstock.com\/industry,cyqb-197001-3940533.htm<\/a>, accessed Nov 2018<\/p>\n<p>[7]PE daily, \u201cThe credibility crisis of Zhima Credit: why did regulator make inquiry on Zhima Credit? What is the root cause of the trouble?\u201d, <a href=\"https:\/\/news.pedaily.cn\/201801\/425941.shtml\">https:\/\/news.pedaily.cn\/201801\/425941.shtml<\/a>, accessed Nov 2018<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Leveraging machine learning and big data, Alibaba developed the revolutionary consumer finance product Ant CreditPay and Zhima Credit that effectively tapped into the massive lower end consumer market in China. Customers with higher credit scores can have more favorable lending terms and access to better services offline such as not having to pay deposits when renting apartment. But will this turn China into a black mirror episode, where society imposes discrimination based on people&#039;s scores? <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11198,"featured_media":27506,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[298,346],"class_list":["post-27500","hck-submission","type-hck-submission","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-big-data","category-machine-learning","hck-taxonomy-organization-alibaba","hck-taxonomy-industry-financial-services","hck-taxonomy-country-china"],"connected_submission_link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/assignment\/rc-tom-challenge-2018\/","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Zhima Credit \u2013 Will Alibaba\u2019s social credit system turn China into a \u201cBlack Mirror\u201d episode? - Technology and Operations Management<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/zhima-credit-will-alibabas-social-credit-system-turn-china-into-a-black-mirror-episode\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Zhima Credit \u2013 Will Alibaba\u2019s social credit system turn China into a \u201cBlack Mirror\u201d episode? - Technology and Operations Management\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Leveraging machine learning and big data, Alibaba developed the revolutionary consumer finance product Ant CreditPay and Zhima Credit that effectively tapped into the massive lower end consumer market in China. 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