{"id":25243,"date":"2017-11-15T19:32:07","date_gmt":"2017-11-16T00:32:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/impact-of-news-digitalization-on-democracies\/"},"modified":"2017-11-15T19:32:07","modified_gmt":"2017-11-16T00:32:07","slug":"impact-of-news-digitalization-on-democracies","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/impact-of-news-digitalization-on-democracies\/","title":{"rendered":"Impact of News Digitalization on Democracies"},"content":{"rendered":"

Context: Digitalization of News Media<\/strong><\/p>\n

The emergence of digital technology platforms such as Google\/YouTube has fractured the traditional models for creating and distribution media content. Google\/YouTube is particularly influential, handling more than 70% of worldwide online search requests [1]. Through its open platform, Google\/YouTube changed the conventional rules for content production and ownership, which had been guarded by capital intensive, analog technologies such as production studios and equipment, owned by a few publishing stakeholders.<\/p>\n

The value chain of the news supply, from development, financing, production, sales, distribution and consumption, was tightly controlled by limited availability of distribution channels such as TV, radio and other public infrastructures. However, since Google\/YouTube launched, an average citizen can quickly create and upload content, leading to 400 hours of videos being uploaded to YouTube every minute\u2014approximately 1000 days worth of video every hour [2]. Yet today, Google\/YouTube is increasingly battling the behemoth it has created. Two challenges ensue: 1) how to manage the abundant supply of content and 2) what role should it have in controlling the access to such content, if at all.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Grappling with the Heart of Its Success \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

The rapidity with which one can distribute and surface content, the very feature that made Google\/YouTube potent, has crippled the organization\u2019s ability to manage the abundant supply of content with debilitating consequences on the society. The reduced barrier has led to abundant information given airtime and audience, without regard for quality and veracity. The creators that have equal access to the platform have discovered ways to manipulate Google\/YouTube\u2019s \u201cneutral\u201d platform relying on personalized algorithms to proliferate low quality and false information portrayed as journalism.<\/p>\n

In the increasingly polarized global political climate, there has been a viral spread of hateful misinformation that are perceived as journalistic accounts [3]. The end consumers of that content unknowingly filter themselves in their political ideology, exacerbating the political tensions, which can have potentially deadly consequences. In one instance in June 2017, in which an extremist conducted a deadly terrorist attack on London Bridge, YouTube found itself in the limelight upon reports that the attackers became radicalized by watching sectarian and hateful messages on YouTube [5] [6]. Legislators have called for greater oversight of Google and some politicians such as Stephen Bannon have called for regulation of Google\/YouTube and other private technology companies as public utilities [8].<\/p>\n

The flaw in personalized \u201cneutral\u201d algorithms has crippled Google\/YouTube\u2019s founding principles of openness and transparency. The implications of this are enormous for Google\/YouTube as it aims to rival television and traditional media as a source of public information. YouTube\u2019s feeding of spurious content shows the shortcomings of the medium despite its scale and accessibility.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Google\/YouTube Fights Back<\/strong><\/p>\n

Public scrutiny by the government and the society have pressured Google\/YouTube for action. In the short-term, Google has announced an initiative called \u201cProject Owl\u201d to provide \u201calgorithmic updates to surface more authoritative content\u201d and to demote low quality content [4]. It has devoted more engineering resources to apply machine learning research to \u201ctrain new content classifiers\u201d to help identify and remove extremist and false content [7].<\/p>\n

It has also announced a set of policies aimed at curbing misinformation and hateful extremist content. It has promised to remove videos that are in violation of its community guidelines. As for more dubious content that does not violate the code of conduct, Google will attempt to make the videos harder to surface and unmonetizable [6].<\/p>\n

In the long-term, Google, which has relied on computer and machine-based video analysis, will greatly increase the number of independent experts in YouTube\u2019s Trusted Flagger program. It plans to enlist experts from 63 NGOs to help determine categorization of videos that can be democratically inflammatory.<\/p>\n

In conjunction with these actions, I further urge the management to work more closely with industry collaborators including other digital technology platforms. Google\/YouTube may represent the majority enabler of the proliferation of misinformation, however, it is part of a much larger digital ecosystem. In order to more effectively stem the virality of misinformation, an international coalition of Facebook, Twitter and Microsoft as well as international governments should work together.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Further Discussion:<\/strong><\/p>\n

While the debilitating effects of pervasive misinformation on societies remain unequivocal, what is less clear are questions of free speech versus censorship and the role of private companies. At what point is monitoring \u201clow quality\u201d content a ban on free speech and the marketplace? In the wake of supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, tech companies including Google\/YouTube, have blacklisted the neo-Nazi blog the Daily Stormer [8]. They have become less of a neutral platform but more as \u201ccustodians of public interest.\u201d But is that the role for the tech companies to play? Furthermore, is it even possible to fashion a democratic social media in a highly divisive culture?<\/p>\n

(Word Count: 793)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Works Cited:<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] \u201cGoogle Inc\u201d, Britannica, September 28,2017, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Google-Inc<\/a>, accessed November 15, 2017<\/p>\n

[2] Mark Robertson, \u201c500 Hours of video uploaded to YouTube every minute\u201d, Tubular Insights, November 13, 2015 \u00a0http:\/\/tubularinsights.com\/hours-minute-uploaded-youtube\/<\/a>, accessed November 15, 2017<\/p>\n

[3] Jack Nicas, \u201cYouTube cracks down on conspiracies, fake news\u201d, Market Watch, October 5, 2017 https:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/story\/youtube-cracks-down-on-conspiracies-fake-news-2017-10-05<\/a>, accessed November 14, 2017<\/p>\n

[4] Ben Gomes, \u201cOur latest quality improvements for 性视界\u201d, Google Blog, April 25, 2017 https:\/\/blog.google\/products\/search\/our-latest-quality-improvements-search\/<\/a>, accessed November 15, 2017<\/p>\n

[5] Camila Schick and Stephen Castle, \u201c \u2018I trusted him\u2019: London Attacker was friendly with neighbors\u201d, New York Times, June 5, 2017, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/06\/05\/world\/europe\/london-attack-theresa-may.html<\/a>, accessed November 15, 2017<\/p>\n

[6] Daisuke Wakabayashi, \u201cYouTube sets new policies to curb extremist videos,\u201d New York Times, June 18, 2017, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/06\/18\/business\/youtube-terrorism.html?_r=0<\/a>, accessed November 15, 2017<\/p>\n

[7] Kent Walker, \u201cFour steps we\u2019re taking today to fight terrorism online,\u201d Google Blog, June 18, 2017 https:\/\/blog.google\/topics\/google-europe\/four-steps-were-taking-today-fight-online-terror\/<\/a>, accessed November 15, 2017<\/p>\n

[8] Adrian Chen, \u201cThe Fake-News Fallacy\u201d, The New Yorker, September 4, 2017 https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/09\/04\/the-fake-news-fallacy<\/a>, accessed November 14, 2017<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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