{"id":25013,"date":"2017-11-15T19:10:29","date_gmt":"2017-11-16T00:10:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/is-child-labour-the-only-way-forward-for-tesla\/"},"modified":"2017-11-15T19:27:03","modified_gmt":"2017-11-16T00:27:03","slug":"is-child-labour-the-only-way-forward-for-tesla","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/is-child-labour-the-only-way-forward-for-tesla\/","title":{"rendered":"Is Child Labour the Only Way Forward for Tesla?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Can Tesla continue its mission to accelerate the world\u2019s transition to sustainable energy<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> without relying on child labour? It\u2019s a question that concerns the supply chain of a raw material that underpins Tesla\u2019s plans to scale renewable energy and electric vehicles (EVs)<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>, and one that doesn\u2019t have an immediately obvious answer.<\/p>\n<p>To limit the effects of climate change, governments around the world are introducing policies to shift the world\u2019s supply of energy to renewable sources<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>. Right now, solar and wind are the cheapest sources of renewable energy<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>. To fully replace fossil fuels, though, their energy needs to be stored so that households and industry can still consume power whilst there isn\u2019t much sunshine or wind<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>. As the technology of lithium-ion batteries improves, large-scale storage is becoming more economically feasible<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>. Energy utility companies are responding to policies such as the US\u2019s production tax credits<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> by building increasingly more lithium-ion batteries on an increasingly large scale. The battery that Tesla is constructing in South Australia, for example, is three times larger than the world\u2019s biggest current storage facility<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>As Tesla\u2019s product mix shifts towards lithium-ion batteries, so too does its reliance on one of lithium-ion batteries\u2019 key ingredients: cobalt. This is of major concern to Elon Musk and his executive team for a number of reasons:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cobalt prices will sky rocket as batteries become even more economical and government policies further promote the installation of renewable energy and storage solutions \u2013 the price of cobalt has more than doubled in just the last year.<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a><\/li>\n<li>There isn\u2019t enough cobalt being mined to meet the projected increase in demand of EV and utility-scale batteries, period.<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a><\/li>\n<li>With more than 60% of the world\u2019s cobalt being supplied by the politically unstable Democratic Republic of Congo<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>, current supply of cobalt is also perilously unstable<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Cobalt-supply-around-the-world.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-24855\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Cobalt-supply-around-the-world.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Cobalt-supply-around-the-world.jpg 630w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Cobalt-supply-around-the-world-300x155.jpg 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Cobalt-supply-around-the-world-600x310.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>An estimated 40,000 children are working in the DRC\u2019s cobalt mines, in hazardous conditions.<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tesla has already taken actions to address some of the issues surrounding its supply of cobalt.<\/p>\n<p>In the short term, Tesla and its suppliers have bought up reserves of cobalt in response to recent surges in its price (largely due to stockpiling by hedge funds)<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>. This is not a durable solution to what is a long-term problem, however, and Tesla will need to find a way of ensuring a long-term supply of cobalt at prices that don\u2019t make their EVs or utility-scale batteries uneconomical to the consumer.<\/p>\n<p>In the medium term, Tesla has committed to using only cobalt sourced from North America<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>. It has so far been successful, and avoided being named in a report by Amnesty International linking EV manufacturers such as Volkswagen, Mercedes and GM to human rights abuses in the DRC regarding the global trade in cobalt<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Cobalt-supply-chain.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-24870\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Cobalt-supply-chain-956x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"686\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Cobalt-supply-chain-956x1024.jpg 956w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Cobalt-supply-chain-280x300.jpg 280w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Cobalt-supply-chain-768x823.jpg 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Cobalt-supply-chain-560x600.jpg 560w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Cobalt-supply-chain.jpg 1211w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Whilst Tesla\u2019s success in this regard to date is admirable, it may, however, be short-lived. In 2018, more than 40% of the world\u2019s cobalt production is forecasted to be used to make rechargeable batteries<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a>, and it is estimated that in 2018 Tesla will produce more than half the world\u2019s rechargeable batteries<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>. It is difficult to see how Tesla will fulfil its commitment on cobalt, when just 6.5% of the world\u2019s production of cobalt currently comes from North America<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>To fulfil this commitment in the medium-to-long term, I recommend that Tesla takes the supply of cobalt into its own hands. By buying and developing cobalt mines in Canada and China, Tesla can ensure a steady supply of cobalt within seven years (the time it takes to develop a mine<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>) that is produced at both a cost and ethical standard that is acceptable to Tesla\u2019s customers.<\/p>\n<p>This action may seem radical, but it is the only way for Tesla to overcome its issues surrounding cobalt. There is no sign of the cobalt crisis going away; Macquarie Bank forecasts a global deficit growth from 885 tonnes in 2018 to 7,194 tonnes in 2021<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a>. If Tesla is serious about its mission to accelerate the world\u2019s transition to sustainable energy, it has to think big, consider how much energy storage it plans to produce in 2025, and take action now to support its growth plans.<\/p>\n<p>But none of that will solve the question hanging over Tesla right now. In the latest filing of its Conflict Minerals Report, Tesla announced that it will follow Apple\u2019s lead<a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a> in carrying out independent third-party audits of smelters in its supply chain of another critical material for its batteries, 3TG<a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a>. Will Tesla have any alternative but to extend this practice to include cobalt, to ensure that the supply of this essential mineral does not become a constraint on the production of its batteries next year? If it doesn\u2019t, it had better have another equally drastic plan up its sleeve if it wants to continue accelerating the world\u2019s transition to sustainable energy, without employing child labour to do so.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"This is what we die for: Child labour in the DRC cobalt mines\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7x4ASxHIrEA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>(800 words)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tesla.com\/about\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Tesla, 2016 Annual Report, <em>The Gigafactory outside of Reno, Nevada<\/em>, p. 9, http:\/\/ir.tesla.com\/secfiling.cfm?filingid=1564590-16-13195#TSLA-10K_20151231_HTM_ITEM_1, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Paris Agreement, <em>Article 2<\/em>, p. 3, http:\/\/unfccc.int\/files\/essential_background\/convention\/application\/pdf\/english_paris_agreement.pdf, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> US Energy Information Administration, Levelized Cost and Levelized Avoided Cost of New Generation Resources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2017, <em>Table 1b. Estimated LCOE (simple average of regional values) for new generation resources, for plants entering service in 2022<\/em>, p. 8, https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/outlooks\/aeo\/pdf\/electricity_generation.pdf, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Union of Concerned Scientists, \u201cHow Energy Storage Works\u201d, http:\/\/www.ucsusa.org\/clean-energy\/how-energy-storage-works#.Wgy9z7Q-eHo, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Lazard, Lazard\u2019s Levelized Cost of Storage Analysis \u2013 Version 2.0, December 2016, <em>Capital Cost Outlook by Technology<\/em>, p. 20, https:\/\/www.lazard.com\/media\/438042\/lazard-levelized-cost-of-storage-v20.pdf, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> US Energy Department, \u201cRenewable Electricity Production Tax Credit (PTC)\u201d, https:\/\/energy.gov\/savings\/renewable-electricity-production-tax-credit-ptc, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> news.com.au, \u201cEverything you need to know about Tesla\u2019s battery in South Australia\u201d, July 11, 2017, http:\/\/www.news.com.au\/technology\/innovation\/inventions\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-teslas-battery-in-south-australia\/news-story\/a989f74cfccb8a1211de83f5becc60ed, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> Financial Times, \u201cLack of ethical cobalt undermines Tesla debt issue\u201d, August 11, 2017, https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/16436eea-7dcd-11e7-9108-edda0bcbc928, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Ibid<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> MINING.com, \u201cElon Musk&#8217;s worst nightmare: child labor and cobalt supply\u201d, http:\/\/www.mining.com\/web\/elon-musks-worst-nightmare-child-labor-cobalt-supply\/, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> Reuters, \u201cElectric car boom spurs investor scramble for cobalt\u201d, February 14, 2017, http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cobalt-demand-investors\/electric-car-boom-spurs-investor-scramble-for-cobalt-idUSKBN15T1VR, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> MINING.com, \u201cElon Musk&#8217;s worst nightmare: child labor and cobalt supply\u201d<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> Amnesty International, \u201cIs My Phone Powered By Child Labour?\u201d, https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/campaigns\/2016\/06\/drc-cobalt-child-labour\/, accessed November 2017, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> Financial Times, \u201cElectric carmakers on battery alert after funds stockpile cobalt\u201d, February 23, 2017, https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/4f88cb60-f8f7-11e6-bd4e-68d53499ed71, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> Energy and Capital, \u201cOne Small Company Is Going to Make Elon Musk Regret His Words\u201d, August 17, 2017, https:\/\/www.energyandcapital.com\/articles\/one-small-company-is-going-to-make-elon-musk-regret-his-words\/6019, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> Amnesty International, \u201cThis Is What We Die For\u201d: Human Rights Abuses in The Democratic Republic of Congo Power the Global Trade in Cobalt, January 2016, <em>Tiers of the Cobalt Supply Chain<\/em>, p. 55, https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/documents\/afr62\/3183\/2016\/en\/, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> Ibid<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> electrek, \u201cBreakdown of raw materials in Tesla\u2019s batteries and possible bottlenecks\u201d, November 1, 2016, https:\/\/electrek.co\/2016\/11\/01\/breakdown-raw-materials-tesla-batteries-possible-bottleneck\/, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> PR Newswire, \u201cCobalt Prices to Rocket as Tesla and Apple Scramble for Supplies\u201d, April 25, 2017, https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/cobalt-prices-to-rocket-as-tesla-and-apple-scramble-for-supplies-620374383.html, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> MINING.com, \u201cElon Musk&#8217;s worst nightmare: child labor and cobalt supply\u201d<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> Financial Times, \u201cLack of ethical cobalt undermines Tesla debt issue\u201d, August 11, 2017, https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/16436eea-7dcd-11e7-9108-edda0bcbc928, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> Macquarie Wealth Management, \u201cThe 2017 battery metal story might well be cobalt\u201d, February 7, 2017, p. 6, http:\/\/www.barraresources.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/MacquarieCommodities-Cobalt-070217e.pdf, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> Apple, Supplier Responsibility 2017 Progress Report, <em>Responsible Sourcing<\/em>, p. 23, https:\/\/images.apple.com\/uk\/supplier-responsibility\/pdf\/GBEN_Apple_Supplier_Responsibility_2017.pdf, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> Tesla Conflict Minerals Report, <em>Description of Due Diligence Performed on the Source and Chain of Custody of those Conflict Minerals<\/em>, https:\/\/www.tesla.com\/about\/legal, accessed November 2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> Amnesty International, \u201cThis is what we die for: Child labour in the DRC cobalt mines\u201d, YouTube, published January 19, 2016, https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7x4ASxHIrEA<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What options are left for Tesla in the ethical sourcing for its rechargeable batteries?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9816,"featured_media":25063,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[1218,3629,3711,3903,3902,3901,1549,952,3897,128],"class_list":["post-25013","hck-submission","type-hck-submission","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change","category-climate-change-and-supply-chains","category-cobalt","category-cobalt-supply-chain","category-democratic-republic-of-congo","category-drc","category-electric-vehicles","category-energy-storage","category-lithium-ion-batteries","category-tesla","hck-taxonomy-organization-tesla","hck-taxonomy-industry-energy","hck-taxonomy-country-united-states"],"connected_submission_link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/assignment\/rc-tom-challenge-2017\/","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Is Child Labour the Only Way Forward for Tesla? - 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