{"id":24781,"date":"2017-11-15T20:00:47","date_gmt":"2017-11-16T01:00:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/how-can-vietnams-government-integrate-into-global-supply-chains-after-american-abandonment-of-the-tpp\/"},"modified":"2017-11-15T20:00:47","modified_gmt":"2017-11-16T01:00:47","slug":"how-can-vietnams-government-integrate-into-global-supply-chains-after-american-abandonment-of-the-tpp","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/how-can-vietnams-government-integrate-into-global-supply-chains-after-american-abandonment-of-the-tpp\/","title":{"rendered":"How can Vietnam\u2019s government integrate into global supply chains after American abandonment of the TPP?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>What was the TPP and what did Vietnam stand to gain?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>The Trans-Pacific Partnership was a trade agreement between 12 Pacific nations,<sup>1\u00a0<\/sup>comprising 40% of global GDP and one-third of global trade<\/strong>.<sup>2\u00a0<\/sup>Explicitly, the agreement aimed to reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade and created enforceable commitments on environmental, intellectual property and labour organisation protections for signatories. Implicitly, the TPP was a geopolitical tool in the context of the Obama Administration\u2019s pivot to Asia to counter a growing dependence on China amongst other signatories and bring them closer to the US. Trump\u2019s isolationist \u201cAmerica-first\u201d campaign pledged to abandon the TPP to protect American workers &#8211; which he did on day one in office.<sup>3<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>World Bank<sup>4<\/sup>\u00a0and think tank<sup>5<\/sup>\u00a0studies predicted that Vietnam would have been the biggest relative beneficiary of the TPP in terms of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>GDP growth<\/strong> attributable to the agreement &#8211; <strong>10.1%<\/strong> by 2030<\/li>\n<li><strong>Export<\/strong> increase attributable to the agreement &#8211; <strong>30%<\/strong> by 2030<\/li>\n<li><strong>Foreign direct investment<\/strong> inflows attributable to the agreement &#8211;\u00a0<strong>14.4%<\/strong> by 2030<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Of all signatories, only Malaysia was close to this level of relative gain (5.6% of GDP) with all others predicted to benefit by 0.1-2.0% of GDP.<sup>6<\/sup> GDP growth through greater integration in the global trade and supply chains would <strong>directly\u00a0lift living standards of the Vietnamese people<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>To explain the benefit qualitatively: Vietnam\u2019s low cost labour and strategic location was beginning to attract transnational corporation (TNC) investment (such as\u00a0 Samsung<sup>7<\/sup> for electronic assembly, and dozens of players in apparel). The TPP would remove tariffs (such as a US tariff on imported shoes), pushing Vietnam further down the cost curve compared to neighbours, particularly China. <strong>In the short-term, Vietnam would capitalise on its &#8216;population dividend&#8217; of a large, young, low-wage population to deeply embed itself in the global supply chain as a low-cost manufacturer and in the longer-term take advantage of these investments as an opportunity to move up the global value chain<\/strong>, e.g. by better educating its workforce and serving TNCs with supporting industries.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/vietnam-tpp-infographic.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-25401\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/vietnam-tpp-infographic-212x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"365\" height=\"516\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/vietnam-tpp-infographic-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/vietnam-tpp-infographic-768x1086.jpg 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/vietnam-tpp-infographic-724x1024.jpg 724w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/vietnam-tpp-infographic-424x600.jpg 424w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/vietnam-tpp-infographic.jpg 1061w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 365px) 100vw, 365px\" \/><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>(Source: Solidance&#8217;s March 2016 White Paper on the TPP&#8217;s Impact:\u00a0http:\/\/www.solidiance.com\/whitepaper\/download\/trans-pacific-partnership-a-boost-for-vietnams-manufacturing-growth.php)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>What should the Vietnamese government do now?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Absent the TPP, the Vietnamese government can:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Make <strong>medium-term investments in infrastructure<\/strong> and <strong>longer-term investments in education<\/strong> to attract TNCs<\/li>\n<li>Focus on <strong>improving the \u2018quality\u2019 of<\/strong> <strong>incoming foreign direct investment (FDI)<\/strong> over time<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Before proceeding, this paper notes at 11\/13\/2017, TPP signatory leaders are meeting at APEC to discuss a resurrected TPP without the United States.<sup>8<\/sup> President Trump also visited Vietnam prior to APEC and indicated an open-ness to bilateral trade agreements. Vietnam should vigorously pursue these deals, tempered by an awareness that a mega-trend of isolationism could torpedo them again.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Investments<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Over the medium-term, infrastructure investments<\/strong> <strong>will attract TNCs<\/strong> and increase Vietnam\u2019s cost competitiveness, facilitating greater supply chain integration. <strong>One key area is ports<\/strong>: a World Bank report estimates \u201cit costs US$610 per container to export from Vietnam in 2014 as opposed to US$460 from Singapore, US$590 in Hong Kong and US$525 in Malaysia\u201d.<sup>9<\/sup>\u00a0<strong>Power investments are also critical<\/strong> \u2013 TNCs highlighted reliability and cost of electricity as key concerns in making investment decisions. For the large-scale low-cost manufacturing Vietnam is seeking to court the price advantages from these investments can deliver outsize returns when they are used to strategically attract the right firms.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Longer-term, Vietnam needs to invest in the quality of its workforce.<\/strong> Today it\u2019s demographic dividend provides a young and large population that demands low wages compared to its key competitor, China.<sup>10<\/sup> Longer-term, this advantage will vanish as the advantage goes downstream to countries like Myanmar. Vietnam needs to educate its workforce now so they can seize opportunities for higher value-add labour &#8211; particularly in engineering.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Improving FDI quality<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Vietnam should prioritise accepting and incentivising FDI that will have the greatest benefit to integrating it into the global supply chain.<\/strong> One way to do this is to focus on developing &#8216;clusters&#8217; of related industries. This will increase the ease with which local supporting industries can serve multiple global players and allow Vietnam to have economies of scale in education and infrastructure investments. This theory was advanced by Porter as a key way for nations to secure a \u2018competitive advantage\u2019<sup>11<\/sup> &#8211; and the Vietnamese government is beginning to develop an apparel industry cluster. Additionally, the government can incentivise or negotiate FDI deals that accelerate global supply chain integration &#8211; e.g. that have a mandate for technical education of a certain number of local employees.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Open questions<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Vietnam has limited resources and political capital. The key questions its faces are how to best use these.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(i) Given isolationist trends, <strong>which countries or regions will be the most fruitful to pursue trade deals with?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(ii) With imperfect information <strong>how can Vietnam adjudicate which levers will have the biggest impact<\/strong> when comparing, say, incentives for TNCs to enter versus creating engineering colleges?<\/p>\n<p>How the Vietnamese government answers these questions will determine how well Vietnam can enter the global supply chain and lift living standards for its people.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>End notes<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>1. The twelve nations are Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United States and Vietnam<\/p>\n<p>2. New York Times, &#8220;What is TPP? Behind the Trade Deal that Died&#8221;, 01\/23\/2017, accessed at\u00a0https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2016\/business\/tpp-explained-what-is-trans-pacific-partnership.html\u00a0on 11\/11\/2017<\/p>\n<p>3. Ibid.<\/p>\n<p>4. Global Economic Prospects (World Bank Publication), Potential Macroeconomic Implications of the Trans-Pacific Partnership, January 2016, accessed at\u00a0http:\/\/pubdocs.worldbank.org\/en\/847071452034669879\/Global-Economic-Prospects-January-2016-Implications-Trans-Pacific-Partnership-Agreement.pdf on 11\/11\/2017<\/p>\n<p>5. Petri, P. A., Plummer M. G. The Economic Effects of the Trans-Pacific Partnership: New Estimates, January 2016, Peterson Institute for International Economics<\/p>\n<p>6. Ibid<\/p>\n<p>7. Retuers, Samsung ups Investment in Southern Vietnam Project to 2 Billion, 12\/29\/2015, accessed at\u00a0https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-samsung-vietnam\/samsung-ups-investment-in-southern-vietnam-project-to-2-billion-idUSKBN0UC0XX20151229 on 11\/11\/2017<\/p>\n<p>8. Financial Times, Pacific Rim Countries Close in on TPP Deal without US, accessed at\u00a0https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/82c29b4a-c616-11e7-a1d2-6786f39ef675 on 11\/11\/2017<\/p>\n<p>9. Vietnam Briefing, \u201cPrivatization of Vietnam\u2019s Port Infrastructure to Boost Efficiency and Lower Prices\u201d, 13 February, 2015, accessed at http:\/\/www.vietnam-briefing.com\/news\/privatization-vietnams-port-infrastructure-boost-efficiency-prices.html\u00a0on 11\/11\/2017<\/p>\n<p>10. Devonshire-Ellis, C. The Cost of Business in China Compared with Vietnam, 05\/26\/2015, ASEAN Briefing, accessed at\u00a0 https:\/\/www.aseanbriefing.com\/news\/2015\/05\/26\/the-cost-of-business-in-vietnam-compared-with-china.html on 11\/11\/2017<\/p>\n<p>11. Porter, M.E. The Competitive Advantage of Nations, 1998<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When President Trump walked away from the Trans-Pacific Partnership to put America First, the biggest loser was the people of Vietnam. But the Vietnamese government has other means to integrate into global supply chains.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10292,"featured_media":25419,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[606,3549,2515,3239,3867,1708,1519,329],"class_list":["post-24781","hck-submission","type-hck-submission","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-asia","category-free-trade","category-international-trade","category-isolationism","category-tpp","category-trade","category-trump","category-vietnam","hck-taxonomy-organization-government-of-vietnam","hck-taxonomy-industry-public-administration","hck-taxonomy-country-vietnam"],"connected_submission_link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/assignment\/rc-tom-challenge-2017\/","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How can Vietnam\u2019s government integrate into global supply chains after American abandonment of the TPP? - Technology and Operations Management<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/how-can-vietnams-government-integrate-into-global-supply-chains-after-american-abandonment-of-the-tpp\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How can Vietnam\u2019s government integrate into global supply chains after American abandonment of the TPP? - Technology and Operations Management\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"When President Trump walked away from the Trans-Pacific Partnership to put America First, the biggest loser was the people of Vietnam. 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