{"id":24324,"date":"2017-11-15T17:45:11","date_gmt":"2017-11-15T22:45:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/could-ocean-acidification-take-oysters-off-the-menu-and-destroy-a-billion-dollar-industry\/"},"modified":"2017-11-15T17:45:11","modified_gmt":"2017-11-15T22:45:11","slug":"could-ocean-acidification-take-oysters-off-the-menu-and-destroy-a-billion-dollar-industry","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/could-ocean-acidification-take-oysters-off-the-menu-and-destroy-a-billion-dollar-industry\/","title":{"rendered":"Could Ocean Acidification Take Oysters off the Menu and Destroy a Billion Dollar Industry?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Acidic Reality<\/strong><\/p>\n

Oyster growers on the Pacific west have struggled in recent years to find seed and oysters to keep their businesses viable. \u00a0\u201cOne morning, we came in and everything was dead,\u201d remarked Alan Barton, a production manager at one West Coast oyster hatcheries [1]. An epidemic ensued, and over the next four years, the region\u2019s supply was reduced by 80%, nearly wiping out the entire industry [2].<\/p>\n

Desperate for a remedy, oyster farmers turned to Oregon State University researcher Richard Feely [3] for help.<\/p>\n

The culprit? Ocean Acidification.<\/em><\/p>\n

As carbon dioxide is absorbed by seawater, chemical reactions occur that reduce the pH of the water and dilute the concentration of carbonate ions.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Figure 1: Ocean Acidification Explained [4]<\/figcaption><\/figure>Those hit hardest were calcifiers<\/em>, such as oysters, which need to extract carbonate ions from the water and use them towards building their hard shells [5]. As acidification overloads the seawater with hydrogen, baby oysters spend too much energy filtering the hydrogen out of their system and not enough on building their shell. The result: two billion dead larvae, thousands of jobs lost, and losses of over $100 million [6]. \u00a0Taylor Shellfish Farms, (\u201cTSF\u201d) a Washington-based oyster hatchery and farm that sells oysters to fish markets and the public, has reasons to be concerned. Over the past couple of years, ocean acidification has reduced the survival rate of their oyster larvae. It strained relationships with their customers and forced higher capital expenditure spending on a new plant.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Figure 2: (Left) The growth of a healthy oyster larvae in seawater with a pH of 8.2, showing normal size and development during the first 24-72 hours. (Right) Growth of an oyster larvae in seawater with a pH of 8.1, showing stunted growth, undeveloped shell and eventual death. [7]<\/figcaption><\/figure>Supply Chain Distress and Taylor Shellfish Response
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

TSF\u2019s supply chain has been affected in several ways. Upstream, mother nature, TSF\u2019s supplier, is providing TSF with decreasingly lower quality ocean water with which to grow the larvae. Downstream, farms are counting on TSF to deliver sufficient quantities of viable oysters – and TSF cannot always deliver.<\/p>\n

TSF addressed the worsening situation in three key ways. Firstly, TSF built a small hatchery 3,000 miles away in Hawaii in an attempt to produce some viable oyster seed. Secondly,TSF lobbied state politicians and raised state funding [8] to combat the issue of acidification while publicizing the cause. Finally, they implemented three innovations in their supply chain to mitigate the damaging effects of acidification.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Developed equipment that monitors pH and the carbonate chemistry of the water, providing at least few days\u2019 notice when conditions will change<\/li>\n
  2. \u201cBuffered\u201d incoming water supply by adding antacids to the water\u00a0and reducing acidity<\/li>\n
  3. Set up equipment that could block out fluctuations of acidic water and change the timing of when they draw in water for their seed<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    In the medium term, TSF has centralized its strategy around the following initiatives.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Communicate to government the economic damage that could result from ignoring ocean acidification<\/li>\n
    2. Continue publicizing effects of ocean acidification<\/li>\n
    3. Work together with state legislatures to provide funding for further R&D and monitoring equipment<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Recommendations for short and medium-term actions<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Although TSF has reduced the death rate of oyster larvae, scientists predict that ocean acidification will continue to increase in the future and adult oysters could soon be affected too. In the short term, TSF might consider aligning closer with the International Ocean Acidification Alliance [9] and tap into their sophisticated monitoring equipment that deciphers seawater chemistry that could provide even more data on seawater composition on an hourly basis on one large database.<\/p>\n

      In the more medium term, TSF might what to investigate whether there are any types of oysters could thrive in a more acidic environment and selectively breeding that type. TSF could explore alleviating the hostile conditions in the seawater by introducing other micro-organisms that could absorb some of the carbon dioxide from the water where their oysters grow. Lastly, TSF might also want to explore different types of shellfish that could replace oysters on the farms with another type of produce if oysters prove to be too sensitive to the changes in oceanic pH.<\/p>\n

      With ocean acidity expected to increase by 150% in the next 50 years, there are no easy solutions, and scientists are only just discovering the full effects of these changes. One question one might ask is: In the ecosystem that affects oyster development and growth, are there other organisms that are negatively affected by ocean acidification (i.e. plankton, which is a primary food for oysters?)<\/p>\n

      Will the short term fixes in equipment be enough to sustain the entire industry, and will the industry be able to change its practices in time to combat the new reality?<\/p>\n

      [Word Count: 792]<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      REFERENCES<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Knudsen, Travis, ‘One morning we came in and everything was dead’: Climate change and Oregon oysters; <\/strong>http:\/\/kval.com\/news\/local\/one-morning-we-came-in-and-everything-was-dead-climate-change-and-oregon-oysters, accessed: November 2017<\/li>\n
      2. Grossman, Elizabeth, \u201cNorthwest Oyster Die-offs Show Ocean Acidification has Arrived\u201d<\/em> http:\/\/e360.yale.edu\/features\/northwest_oyster_die-offs_show_ocean_aci, accessed: November 2017<\/li>\n
      3. Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, Hansson, L; Ocean Acidification, Oxford University Press, (2011) <\/em>p33<\/li>\n
      4. Petrohilos, D; NDAA, OSU<\/em> https:\/\/thinkprogress.org\/how-washington-transformed-its-dying-oyster-industry-into-a-climate-success-story-334f5ed3717c\/ Accessed November 13, 2017<\/li>\n
      5. Urban, Ed; European Project on Ocean Acidification<\/em>, http:\/\/www.epoca-project.eu\/dmdocuments\/OA.TF.English.pdf Accessed November 13, 2017<\/li>\n
      6. Bergen, Michele \u201cGreenhouse Gas Emission, Ocean Acidification could cost Shellfish industry millions\u201d <\/em>https:\/\/weather.com\/science\/environment\/news\/ocean-acidification-greenhouse-gas-emissions-cost-shellfish-industry accessed November 2017<\/li>\n
      7. Oregon State University College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences<\/em>, NFCC, Accessed: November 2017<\/li>\n
      8. Zimmer, Carl \u201cAn Ominous Warning on the Effects of Ocean Acidification\u201d <\/em>http:\/\/e360.yale.edu\/features\/northwest_oyster_die-offs_show_ocean_acidification_has_arrived accessed November 2017<\/li>\n
      9. https:\/\/www.oaalliance.org website, homepage accessed November 2017<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        <\/a><\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Ocean Acidification is killing oyster larvae and threatening the future of the shellfish industry. 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