{"id":23122,"date":"2017-11-14T23:42:04","date_gmt":"2017-11-15T04:42:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/diamonds-are-forever-but-their-supply-chains-are-not\/"},"modified":"2017-11-14T23:42:04","modified_gmt":"2017-11-15T04:42:04","slug":"diamonds-are-foreverbut-their-supply-chains-are-not","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/diamonds-are-foreverbut-their-supply-chains-are-not\/","title":{"rendered":"Diamonds Are Forever\u2026But Their Supply Chains Are Not"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4>\u201cA diamond is forever.\u201d<\/h4>\n<p>This ubiquitous marketing slogan is a nod to the everlasting emotional connection between consumers and their diamonds, and to the deep tradition within which the diamond industry is steeped. Fittingly, the industry\u2019s supply chain has not strayed far from its traditional dynamic. Paper records are still used to track diamonds from their rough to polished state and there exists no centralized database for such certification records, leaving retailers vulnerable to reputational and financial risks \u2013 for example, when war or synthetic diamonds are misrepresented<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>An advancement in the sourcing of diamonds, in which blockchain technology openly marks and tracks individual diamonds, provides a compelling solution to the lack of transparency in diamond procurement<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>. Based on my prior diligence on the diamond industry as an investor, the digitalization of diamond procurement should be of concern to managers of diamond retailers because of the following strategic opportunities that this new technology could unlock:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Enhanced supply chain efficiency<\/u> due to greater transparency and more reliable data tracking along each step of the supply chain (see below for a discussion on the re-shaping of the supply chain)<\/li>\n<li><u>Decreased threat of substitutes<\/u> (e.g., blood diamonds or synthetic diamonds) due to a decreased reliance on forgeable paper certificates<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><u>Decreased threat of new entrants<\/u> due to higher fixed costs associated with blockchain technology and barriers generated by first-mover advantage\/network effects<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><u>Decreased consumer bargaining power<\/u> as a more transparent procurement system introduces opportunities to enhance and leverage customer loyalty and trust<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A major Asian diamond retailer, Chow Tai Fook (\u201cCTF\u201d), offers a glimpse of what managers are doing \u2013 and <em>could<\/em> be doing \u2013 to address transparency concerns. In August 2017, CTF introduced its T-MARK campaign, which assesses diamonds according to four T\u2019s (traceable, truthful, thoughtful, transparent) and promises \u201ca thorough and accurate account of each diamond\u2019s life\u201d through the use of proprietary engraving technology that will allow CTF customers to track the diamond throughout its life<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>. Though this near-term step is symbolic of management\u2019s commitment to enhance sourcing transparency, it appears to be primarily a branding campaign and product enhancement tool rather than true supply chain digitalization. As the T-MARK diamond\u2019s information is not published within a public forum, its certification remains <em>connected to<\/em> the stone itself, and only visible through CTF\u2019s \u201cDiamond Viewer\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>. Therefore, if T-MARK diamonds were to be sold or re-sold outside of CTF\u2019s purview, they would remain vulnerable to sourcing fraud. The firm remains tight-lipped surrounding how it plans to digitalize its supply chain over the medium-term, however a Company spokesperson suggested that although \u201c[CTF doesn\u2019t] yet use blockchain,\u201d it is \u201cunder consideration\u201d and \u201c[CTF is] reviewing the technology in the marketplace.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>As a major diamond retailer, CTF is uniquely positioned to be a first-mover in \u201cProcurement 4.0\u201d \u2013 the digitization of procurement \u2013 in the diamond industry over the medium-term by leveraging blockchain technology<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>. I recommend that CTF invest in building out in-house capabilities similar to those of the U.K.-based start-up Everledger, which has created a global digital diamond registry by generating unique identification codes for over one million diamonds (called diamonds\u2019 \u201cdigital twins\u201d), and then storing these digital twins in a permanent, publicly accessible blockchain ledger<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>. Such a record-keeping system would build on CTF\u2019s T-MARK campaign by eradicating the supply chain\u2019s reliability on privately-held certificates that are easily lost or forged, thereby further enhancing the credibility and authenticity of the diamonds.<\/p>\n<p>Importantly, such a technology would enhance the diamond industry\u2019s supply chain by fundamentally <em>re-shaping<\/em> it. Consider <strong>Exhibit 1<\/strong>, which demonstrates a traditional supply chain model in which the diamond\u2019s quality, status and origin are unknown by the production function (cutters\/polishers), distributers (retailers), and consumers<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>. Migrating to a blockchain system would re-shape the supply chain into what we see in <strong>Exhibit 2<\/strong>, a hub-and-spoke model in which information regarding the diamond\u2019s quality, status and origin is reported on the blockchain ledger (e.g., \u201csupply chain control tower\u201d), visible to all parties and comprising the heart of a more efficient supply chain<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In sum, though it promises to unleash significant strategic opportunities, the digitalization of diamond procurement elicits questions for further consideration. For example, what are the tradeoffs of developing a blockchain platform in-house, versus at a consolidated industry level? Who along the diamond value chain (upstream diamond mines, midstream cutters\/polishers, or downstream retailers) should be responsible for implementing and monitoring this technology? More fundamentally, how could the greater transparency and the public cataloging of diamonds impact their value and utility?<\/p>\n<p>(737 words)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exhibit 1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Chart1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23145\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Chart1-293x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"293\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Chart1-293x300.png 293w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Chart1.png 509w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 293px) 100vw, 293px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Source:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Stefan Schrauf and Philipp Berttram, \u201cIndustry 4.0: How Digitization Makes the Supply Chain More Efficient, Agile, and Customer Focused,\u201d <em>Strategy&amp;<\/em> (2016), PWC, accessed November 2017.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exhibit 2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/chart2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-23147\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/chart2-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/chart2-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/chart2-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/chart2.png 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Source:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Stefan Schrauf and Philipp Berttram, \u201cIndustry 4.0: How Digitization Makes the Supply Chain More Efficient, Agile, and Customer Focused,\u201d <em>Strategy&amp;<\/em> (2016), PWC, accessed November 2017.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Pamela Ambler, \u201cDiamonds Are The Latest Industry To Benefit From Blockchain Technology,\u201d <em>Forbes<\/em>, September 10, 2017, https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/pamelaambler\/2017\/09\/10\/how-blockchain-is-fixing-the-diamond-industrys-rampant-ethical-issues\/, accessed November 2017.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Andrew Barclay, \u201cBlockchain is transforming one of the worlds oldest professions,\u201d via Factiva, accessed November 2017.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Michael E. Porter and James E. Heppelmann, \u201cHow Smart, Connected Products Are Transforming Competition,\u201d <em>性视界 Business Review<\/em> (November 2014), 13.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a>\u00a0Ibid, 11-12.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Chow Tai Fook, \u201cChow Tai Fook T MARK,\u201d https:\/\/www.chowtaifooktmark.com\/#landing, accessed November 2017.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Pamela Ambler, \u201cDiamonds Are The Latest Industry To Benefit From Blockchain Technology,\u201d <em>Forbes<\/em>, September 10, 2017, https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/pamelaambler\/2017\/09\/10\/how-blockchain-is-fixing-the-diamond-industrys-rampant-ethical-issues\/, accessed November 2017.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> Stefan Schrauf and Philipp Berttram, \u201cIndustry 4.0: How Digitization Makes the Supply Chain More Efficient, Agile, and Customer Focused,\u201d <em>Strategy&amp; <\/em>(2016), PWC, accessed November 2017.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Gian Volpicelli, \u201cHow the blockchain is helping stop the spread of conflict diamonds,\u201d <em>Wired<\/em>, February 15, 2017, http:\/\/www.wired.co.uk\/article\/blockchain-conflict-diamonds-everledger, accessed November 2017.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> Stefan Schrauf and Philipp Berttram, \u201cIndustry 4.0: How Digitization Makes the Supply Chain More Efficient, Agile, and Customer Focused,\u201d <em>Strategy&amp; <\/em>(2016), PWC, accessed November 2017.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This post explores how blockchain technology is being used to digitalize the procurement of diamonds and enhance industry transparency through the lens of major Asian jeweler Chow Tai Fook.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10188,"featured_media":23123,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[3606,3604,2123,3607,3605],"class_list":["post-23122","hck-submission","type-hck-submission","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chow-tai-fook","category-diamond","category-digitalization","category-everledger","category-procurement-40","hck-taxonomy-organization-chow-tai-fook","hck-taxonomy-industry-mining","hck-taxonomy-country-china"],"connected_submission_link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/assignment\/rc-tom-challenge-2017\/","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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