{"id":23060,"date":"2017-11-15T16:15:41","date_gmt":"2017-11-15T21:15:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/enough-rubber-to-meet-the-road-managing-the-natural-rubber-supply-chain\/"},"modified":"2017-11-15T16:21:23","modified_gmt":"2017-11-15T21:21:23","slug":"enough-rubber-to-meet-the-road-managing-the-natural-rubber-supply-chain","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/enough-rubber-to-meet-the-road-managing-the-natural-rubber-supply-chain\/","title":{"rendered":"Enough Rubber to Meet the Road? Managing the Natural Rubber Supply Chain"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Today, the vast majority of the world\u2019s natural rubber comes from the para-rubber tree (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hevea brasiliensi)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a species of tree grown in a fairly limited geographic region in Southeast Asia [1]. In 2016, the world produced over 27 billion pounds of Hevea natural rubber, over 70% of which was used by the tire industry [2]<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In coming years, global consumption of natural rubber is expected to continue to grow, and a<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">s less developed nations industrialize, global demand for tires could require as much as 21 million additional acres of Hevea by 2024 [3]<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Cooper Tire &amp; Rubber Company<\/b><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_23355\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23355\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Rubbertree_malaysia.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23355 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Rubbertree_malaysia-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Rubbertree_malaysia-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Rubbertree_malaysia-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Rubbertree_malaysia-450x600.jpg 450w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/Rubbertree_malaysia.jpg 1704w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23355\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Rubber tree &#8220;tapping&#8221;. Source: Wikimedia Commons<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A leading tire manufacturer, Cooper Tire &amp; Rubber Company (\u201cCooper\u201d) relies heavily on raw material inputs, especially natural rubber [4]. As global natural rubber consumption continues to increase, Cooper may be hard pressed to procure an adequate supply of natural rubber, especially as climate change threatens para-rubber tree production. Notably:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Extreme weather, such as drought and heavy rains, may reduce the number of available rubber tree tapping days [5]<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As global temperatures increase, latex flow from para-rubber trees &#8212; and therefore rubber yield &#8212; may fall [6]<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Increased precipitation for high altitude plantations in tropical growing regions accelerates the risk of erosion [7]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taken alongside the projected global demand growth for natural rubber, these potential threats to the para-rubber tree supply chain are driving companies such as Cooper to push to find new sources of natural rubber [8].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Cooper\u2019s Response<\/b><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_23360\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23360\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/11055-guayule-plants-pv.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23360 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/11055-guayule-plants-pv-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/11055-guayule-plants-pv-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/11055-guayule-plants-pv-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/11055-guayule-plants-pv-600x397.jpg 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/11\/11055-guayule-plants-pv.jpg 958w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23360\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Guayule plant. Source: stock photo<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In response to these pressures, Cooper has turned its attention to a new potential source of natural rubber: a flowering desert shrub known as<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Parthenium argentatum<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, or guayule, that is grown in the Southwestern U.S. [9]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2017, Cooper &#8212; along with consortium partners Clemson University, Cornell University, PanAridus and the Agricultural Research Service of the USDA-ARS &#8212; completed a five-year USDA grant to study the use of guayule in tire applications, building over 450 tires and replacing Hevea and synthetic rubber components with parts made of guayule [10]. Ultimately, Cooper discovered that it was able to successfully produce and test concept tires that were comparable to those made with Hevea; what\u2019s more, the guayule rubber tires performed better in tests of rolling resistance, wet handling and wet braking [11].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These findings are just the beginning. With proof of concept in hand, Cooper must take several actions to scale guayule tire production in the next decade:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Refine manufacturing techniques<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: while Cooper was able to successfully produce concept guayale tires, the company should continue to investigate ways to reduce costs and scale manufacturing techniques. The USDA study, for example, demonstrated large productivity improvements when subsurface drip irrigation was used vs. surface irrigation [12].<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Encourage capital investment to support guayale development<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>:<\/strong> it is likely that the combined effort of the government and agriculture industry will be needed to grow guayule plants and build large-scale manufacturing operations to supply the tire manufacturing industry [13].<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Continue searching for alternate sources of natural rubber<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>:<\/strong> Interest in alternative rubber sources has risen and fallen throughout history. During World War II, for example, the \u201cEmergency Rubber Project\u201d emerged when Japan cut off access to Hevea-based rubber, leading countries to study various rubber alternatives including guayale and a dandelion called <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taraxacum kok-saghyz <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[14]. Though interest in these efforts fell off when the war ended, such alternatives may prove to be viable natural rubber substitutes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Given the time required to scale guayule production, in the short term Cooper will continue to focus on its current Hevea natural rubber supply chain in Southeast Asia. Cooper\u2019s Singapore-based purchasing office allows the company to work directly with producers to continually improve consistency and quality while reducing material costs [15]. Additionally, Cooper should continue to focus on long-term supplier agreements and purchase agreements to mitigate the risks of natural rubber pricing volatility [16].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>The road ahead<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With promising results from the five-year study in hand, the question remains whether it will be possible to achieve guayule rubber commercialization given the complexity of implementation. Specifically, <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Will Cooper be able to develop agricultural and processing infrastructure in order to process guayule on an industrial scale? [17]<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">If so, will Cooper realize sufficient economic scale and efficiencies to make guayule pricing competitive to that of Hevea in the tire industry? [18]<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Will existing tire manufacturing plants be willing to adjust operations in order to accommodate guayule natural rubber processing in addition to or in place of Hevea natural rubber processing? [19]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>(733 words)<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[1] Jesse Emspak, \u201cAlternative Source of Tire Rubber Gains Traction\u201d, Scientific American, October 6, 2014, https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/alternative-source-of-tire-rubber-gains-traction, accessed November 2017.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[2] Cooper Tire &amp; Rubber Company, \u201cNews\u201d, http:\/\/coopertire.com\/News\/Guayule.aspx, accessed November 2017.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[3] Diane Cardwell, \u201cMaking Tires From a Desert Shrub Found in the U.S.\u201d, The New York Times, August 18. 2015, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/08\/19\/business\/making-tires-from-a-desert-shrub-found-in-the-us.html, accessed November 2017.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[4] Cooper Tire &amp; Rubber Company. December 31, 2016 Form 10-K. http:\/\/investors.coopertire.com\/Cache\/38117873.pdf, accessed November 2017. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[5] Roberta Kwok, \u201cRisky Rubber Plantations: A Lose-Lose Scenario\u201d, Conservation Magazine, July 9, 2015, http:\/\/www.conservationmagazine.org\/2015\/07\/risky-rubber-plantations-a-lose-lose-scenario\/, accessed November 2017. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[6] \u201cTea and rubber equally affected by global warming, climate change\u201d, Daily Mirror, March 20, 2014, http:\/\/www.dailymirror.lk\/44738\/tea-and-rubber-equally-affected-by-global-warming-climate-change, accessed November 2017. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[7] Antje Ahrend, Peter M. Hollingsworth, Alan D. Ziegler, Jefferson M. Fox, Huafang Chen, Yufang Su, Jianchu Xu, \u201cCurrent trends of rubber plantation expansion may threaten biodiversity and livelihoods\u201d, Global Environmental Change 34 (2015): 48-58, https:\/\/ac.els-cdn.com\/S0959378015000801\/1-s2.0-S0959378015000801-main.pdf?_tid=d11c63aa-c9bf-11e7-8fce-00000aacb35f&amp;acdnat=1510721314_b90ae6e472a18f387b903456b6c0fefa, accessed November 2017. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[8] Diane Cardwell, \u201cMaking Tires From a Desert Shrub Found in the U.S.\u201d, The New York Times, August 18. 2015, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/08\/19\/business\/making-tires-from-a-desert-shrub-found-in-the-us.html, accessed November 2017.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[9] Ibid.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[10] Cooper Tire &amp; Rubber Company, \u201cNews\u201d, http:\/\/coopertire.com\/News\/Guayule.aspx, accessed November 2017.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[11] Ibid.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[12] Cooper Tire &amp; Rubber Company, \u201cCooper Tire and Consortium Partners Complete $6.9 Million USDA Grant to Study Guayule Polymer for Tire Applications\u201d, press release, August 10, 2017. http:\/\/coopertire.com\/News\/Corporate-News-Releases\/Cooper-Tire-and-Consortium-Partners-Complete-$6-9.aspx, accessed November 2017.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[13] Ibid.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[14] Jesse Emspak, \u201cAlternative Source of Tire Rubber Gains Traction\u201d, Scientific American, October 6, 2014, https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/alternative-source-of-tire-rubber-gains-traction, accessed November 2017.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[15] Cooper Tire &amp; Rubber Company. December 31, 2016 Form 10-K. http:\/\/investors.coopertire.com\/Cache\/38117873.pdf, accessed November 2017. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[16] Ibid.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[17] Cooper Tire &amp; Rubber Company, \u201cNews\u201d, http:\/\/coopertire.com\/News\/Guayule.aspx, accessed November 2017.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[18] Ibid.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[19] Ibid.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Climate change may contribute to a shortage of natural rubber as global tire demand continues to grow. Will Cooper Tire be able to source a viable rubber alternative? <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10113,"featured_media":23366,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[3463,1218,3635,161,3636,1633],"class_list":["post-23060","hck-submission","type-hck-submission","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-automotive-industry","category-climate-change","category-cooper","category-manufacturing","category-rubber","category-united-states","hck-taxonomy-organization-cooper-tire","hck-taxonomy-industry-auto","hck-taxonomy-country-united-states"],"connected_submission_link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/assignment\/rc-tom-challenge-2017\/","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Enough Rubber to Meet the Road? 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