{"id":15763,"date":"2016-11-17T14:51:53","date_gmt":"2016-11-17T19:51:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/efficient-roadways-how-the-masspike-is-speeding-up-your-commute\/"},"modified":"2016-11-17T14:51:53","modified_gmt":"2016-11-17T19:51:53","slug":"efficient-roadways-how-the-masspike-is-speeding-up-your-commute","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/efficient-roadways-how-the-masspike-is-speeding-up-your-commute\/","title":{"rendered":"Efficient Roadways: How the Masspike is speeding up your commute"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The Massachusetts Turnpike (Mass Pike), in Figure 1 below, also known as I-90, has been collecting tolls since it first opened in 1957 on the premise of maintaining high quality roads. (1)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Mass-Turnpike-Image.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15716 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Mass-Turnpike-Image-300x166.gif\" alt=\"mass-turnpike-image\" width=\"446\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Mass-Turnpike-Image-300x166.gif 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Mass-Turnpike-Image-600x332.gif 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 446px) 100vw, 446px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Figure 1: Massachusetts Turnpike (2)<\/p>\n<p>Highway tolls have historically been a manual process, requiring drivers to come to a complete stop and pay operators during all hours of the day.\u00a0 In 1998, the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) installed an electronic tolling system known as Fast Lane, which later merged with E-Z Pass.\u00a0 According to MassDOT, as of March 11, 2015, the Mass Pike consisted of 24 plazas with a total of 147 toll lanes, 77 of those lanes were staffed, and the other 70 were E-Z Pass. The manual process was much more labor intensive not only at the toll booth but also for cash collection and included additional processing steps such as armored car service, counting rooms, auditing, cash control systems, and security. \u00a0The staffing needs for the manual process required 491 employees, whereas the electronic process required only 135 employees. (3) Due to the additional process steps and labor requirements for cash collection of the manually operated tolls, the operating costs differed drastically, especially when compared to total revenue collected, and this is shown in Figure 2 below. (4)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Chart-for-tolls.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15715 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Chart-for-tolls-300x137.png\" alt=\"chart-for-tolls\" width=\"436\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Chart-for-tolls-300x137.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Chart-for-tolls.png 529w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Figure 2: Manual and Electronic Collection Operating Cost Comparison (4)<\/p>\n<p>From the drivers perspective, the E-Z Pass system drastically reduced wait times at the tolls, however there is a caveat and that is, the E-Z Pass only reduced wait times during low-medium volume traffic time frames.\u00a0 Unfortunately, most commuters use the Mass Pike to travel to and from work between the hours of 0600-0900 and 1500-1900 and will typically find themselves in traffic due to the manual toll process and are unable to use the \u2018E-Z Pass Only\u2019 lanes as seen below in Figure 3.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Traffic-Jam.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15717 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Traffic-Jam-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"traffic-jam\" width=\"721\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Traffic-Jam-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Traffic-Jam-600x338.jpg 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Traffic-Jam.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 721px) 100vw, 721px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Figure 3: Mass Pike Traffic Jam (5)<\/p>\n<p>Although the E-Z Pass system was originally a step in the right direction to relieve traffic at the tolls, MassDOT needed to make improvements to the system to account for the high volume timeframes.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Automated Electronic Tolling (AET)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As of October 28, 2016, Massachusetts rolled out its new AET system.\u00a0 AET, unlike the E-Z pass system, is a fully automated tolling system that eliminates the need for collection stations.\u00a0 AET is compatible with the current E-Z pass transponder for charging drivers and will also use license plate imaging to identify and bill (via mail) drivers without transponders.\u00a0 Figure 4 below shows a typical AET toll zone, in which a total of 16 AET gantries will replace the 24 existing toll plazas. (4)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/AET-toll-zone.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15718 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/AET-toll-zone-300x181.jpg\" alt=\"aet-toll-zone\" width=\"404\" height=\"244\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/AET-toll-zone-300x181.jpg 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/AET-toll-zone-768x462.jpg 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/AET-toll-zone-600x361.jpg 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/AET-toll-zone.jpg 905w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Figure 4: Typical AET Toll Zone (3)<\/p>\n<p>Installing and integrating the AET system, in the end, will cost roughly $474M, which includes construction of the gantries, \u201cbackoffice\u201d and customer service centers, and demolition of the existing tolls.\u00a0 (4)\u00a0 Although there is a high upfront cost to the AET there are many financial and non-financial benefits that will be shared by both the state and drivers.<\/p>\n<p>Financially, the operating cost of the tolling system will decrease by an estimated $23M in its first year of operation.\u00a0 This savings is due mostly to the elimination of the manual collection process and the reduction in labor that is required to operate the AET system. \u00a0(4)\u00a0 While the state is saving money, drivers also receive benefits which include a price reduction (7%), decreased time in the car, reduced fuel costs from idling in traffic, and safer commutes.\u00a0 It is expected that each year with AET that drivers will save over 280,00 hours of vehicle delays annually and 500 to 2500 gallons of gasoline per day. (4)\u00a0 With idling times reduced, this saves 1800 to 7800 tons of CO<sub>2<\/sub> from being emitted into the atmosphere per year.\u00a0 (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016)\u00a0 In addition to the environmental and economic benefits, AET systems on average improve safety on the highways by eliminating up to 28% of the total number of accidents.\u00a0 (7)<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>What\u2019s Next?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As technology continues to be developed and implemented for highways, its important to understand how all roadways are interconnected, not just improving one part of the system.\u00a0 The implementation of the AET system is the first step in optimizing our daily commutes.\u00a0 This technology collects real-time data that can be used by transportation engineers to reduce congestion and maximize flows. (8)\u00a0 Eventually as more roadway systems are installed and integrated, the data that is collected can be used to begin optimizing the supply and demand of road space, reducing costs and travel time, essentially making our methods of travel more cost effective and efficient.<\/p>\n<p>(769 Words)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1)\u00a0 Cambridge Systematics, Inc. (2010). <em>Massachusetts Turnpike: Metropolitan Highway System Traffic and Revenue Study.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>2)\u00a0 Geology.com. (2016). <em>Map of Massachussetts Cities and Roads<\/em>. Retrieved November 2016, from http:\/\/geology.com\/cities-map\/massachusetts.shtml<\/p>\n<p>3)\u00a0 Collins, S. M. (2015, March 11). All Electronic Tolling. MassDOT.<\/p>\n<p>4)\u00a0 Tinlin, T. J. (2015, November 18). All-Electronic Tolling Update.<\/p>\n<p>5)\u00a0 Getty Images. (2016). <em>Aerial Traffic Backed up at multi-lane Massachussetts Turnpike toll booth<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.gettyimages.com\/detail\/video\/traffic-backed-up-at-multi-lane-massachusetts-stock-video-footage\/mr_00091414<\/p>\n<p>6)\u00a0 U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2016, April 26). <em>Frequently Asked Questions<\/em>. Retrieved November 16, 2016, from http:\/\/www.eia.gov\/tools\/faqs\/faq.cfm?id=307&amp;t=11<\/p>\n<p>7)\u00a0 Abuzwidah, M., &amp; Abdel-Aty, M. (2014). <em>Safety Assessment of the conversion of toll plazas to all-electronic toll collection system.<\/em> University of Central Florida.<\/p>\n<p>8)\u00a0 Q-Free. (2011). <em>Electronic Toll Collection Technologies for Road Pricing.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Since the construction of the first Turnpike, the United States highway system has evolved due to the needs of the people and military, with many of these improvements supported by taxes rather than tolls.  Due to the aging highway system and states lacking the funds to maintain the roads, the toll concept began to re-emerge.    This concept is not foreign to the state of Massachusetts, but how should tolls be implemented without comprising roadway efficiency?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2420,"featured_media":15764,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[1093,1541,2222,2221],"class_list":["post-15763","hck-submission","type-hck-submission","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cars","category-massachusetts","category-tolls","category-traffic"],"connected_submission_link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/assignment\/digitization-challenge-2016\/","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Efficient Roadways: How the Masspike is speeding up your commute - Technology and Operations Management<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/efficient-roadways-how-the-masspike-is-speeding-up-your-commute\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Efficient Roadways: How the Masspike is speeding up your commute - Technology and Operations Management\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Since the construction of the first Turnpike, the United States highway system has evolved due to the needs of the people and military, with many of these improvements supported by taxes rather than tolls. 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