{"id":13798,"date":"2016-11-04T17:52:56","date_gmt":"2016-11-04T21:52:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/coral-reef-or-coral-debreef\/"},"modified":"2016-11-04T17:56:01","modified_gmt":"2016-11-04T21:56:01","slug":"coral-reef-or-coral-debreef","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/coral-reef-or-coral-debreef\/","title":{"rendered":"Coral Reef or Coral DebReef?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Background<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Great Barrier Reef (\u201cGBR\u201d), located on the east side of Queensland, Australia is the largest coral reef ecosystem on earth, covering 344,400 square kilometers, with biodiversity of over 3,000 species of coral reefs, and thousands of species of fish, molluscs, algae and other sea creatures [1]. Unfortunately, climate change has altered sea temperature and chemistry, leading to coral bleaching and the death of these algae. The most recent episode of coral bleaching in 1998-2002 bleached more than 50% of the reef [2]. As a result of climate change-induced coral bleaching could negatively impact the $5 billion Australian tourism industry, which currently provides jobs to 50,000 [1]. Key stakeholders, such as Big Cat Green Island Cruises, a GBR tourism operator and winner of the 2009 Climate Action Award from Ecotourism Australia [3], has taken initiatives to respond to climate changes and taken action to minimize its own carbon footprint in order to mitigate these changes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/coral_bleach2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-13707\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/coral_bleach2-300x196.png\" alt=\"coral_bleach2\" width=\"329\" height=\"215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/coral_bleach2-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/coral_bleach2-768x502.png 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/coral_bleach2-600x392.png 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/coral_bleach2.png 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 329px) 100vw, 329px\" \/><br \/>\n<\/a><em>Coral bleaching<\/em><\/p>\n<p><b>How Does Climate Change Impact GBR<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Rising Sea Temperature<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thermal stress causes the coral reef to expel symbiotic algae, Zooxanthellae, that live within their tissue. Zooxanthellae give reefs their bright color and most of their food and energy. Without the algae, the reef will appear white, hence \u201cbleached\u201d. Since 1978, the GBR has experienced eight massive coral bleaching since 1978 [2]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Ocean Acidification<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">More than \u00bd of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere gets absorbed by the ocean. The more carbon dioxide there is in the ocean, the lower the pH or more acidic the ocean becomes. The increase in CO2 is primarily caused by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels. With low pH, corals cannot absorb the calcium carbonate they need to maintain their skeleton [4]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Increase in Frequency of Severe Weather Events<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> such as floods and cyclones\/storms physically damage the coral reefs and causes imbalance in ocean biodiversity [1]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Screen-Shot-2016-11-04-at-5.45.05-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-13659\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Screen-Shot-2016-11-04-at-5.45.05-PM.png\" alt=\"screen-shot-2016-11-04-at-5-45-05-pm\" width=\"611\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Screen-Shot-2016-11-04-at-5.45.05-PM.png 864w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Screen-Shot-2016-11-04-at-5.45.05-PM-300x138.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Screen-Shot-2016-11-04-at-5.45.05-PM-768x352.png 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Screen-Shot-2016-11-04-at-5.45.05-PM-600x275.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 611px) 100vw, 611px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Projected Changes in Climate for 2020 and 2050 [1]<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>Threats of Climate Change on Tourism <\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Global warming increases the frequency of severe weather events, such as cyclones\/storms, which have caused 34% of all coral death from 1995-2009 [4]. The erratic weather patterns diminish the quality of reefs, and increases variability in business operations through trip cancellations and rescheduling, which all negatively impact the number of visitors to GBR and therefore, the Australian tourism industry revenue. The current tourism activities will not be sustained neither environmentally or economically unless the tourism industry proactively responds to climate change.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Current Mitigation and Adaption Plans [5]<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Big Cat Green Island Cruises is located in Cairns, Australia and is one of the largest GBR tourism operators, carrying over 100,00 passengers annually. The company has taken several climate change initiatives, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Innovation of boat designs to reduce fuel consumption<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: <\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Improvements to boat design, propellers, engines and speed have decreased fuel emissions from 95% of all emissions to 87%<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The catamaran design was cut in half and extended by 5 meters, reducing drag and adding 100 additional seats<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">New Propellers, using four-stroke outboards and lower running speed saved 30% in fuel<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>\u201cGreener\u201d Company Policy, including<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recycle and reuse materials<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Supply locally sourced and produced products <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Switch to biodiesel fuel<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Employee education and push for alternative transportation methods (walking, bike)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Recommendations for Further Actions [1]<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Businesses in the tourism industry can proactively manage the impact of climate change by committing to the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Raising Awareness and Educating Visitors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Operators can play a key role in helping visitors become more aware of climate change through educating them about the impacts of climate change on coral reefs. Operators can further positively influence visitor behaviour by encouraging them to reduce their own carbon footprint by making simple everyday changes<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Monitor and Report Changes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Collaborate with Government Agency, such as Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (\u201cGBRMPA\u201d) and participate in programs such as Eye on the Reef, Sightings Network and BleachWatch to provide reef conditions reports<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Integrate Climate Change into Business Planning<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: develop risk management plans in preparation for significant events such as coral bleaching. Further diversification of business model to other tourism activities besides snorkeling and diving to minimize revenue fluctuation <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Word count: 685<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/nemo.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-13775\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/nemo-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"nemo\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/nemo-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/nemo-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/nemo-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/nemo-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/nemo.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>No mo&#8217; nemo?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Citation<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[1] \u201cGreat Barrier Reef Tourism Climate Change Action Strategy\u201d. 2012. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gbrmpa.gov.au\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0009\/3987\/gbrmpa_CCActionStrategyFull_2011.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/www.gbrmpa.gov.au\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0009\/3987\/gbrmpa_CCActionStrategyFull_2011.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[2] \u201cAustralia\u2019s Biodiversity and Climate Change\u201d. Australia Government <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.environment.gov.au\/system\/files\/resources\/eab369d6-76f9-46c8-beb4-aaae8ece112e\/files\/biodiversity-vulnerability-great-barrier-reef.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.environment.gov.au\/system\/files\/resources\/eab369d6-76f9-46c8-beb4-aaae8ece112e\/files\/biodiversity-vulnerability-great-barrier-reef.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[3] \u201cClimate Change and Tourism in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park\u201d 2011. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233442544_Climate_change_and_tourism_in_the_Great_Barrier_Reef_Marine_Park\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233442544_Climate_change_and_tourism_in_the_Great_Barrier_Reef_Marine_Park<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[4] Australian Government Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gbrmpa.gov.au\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/www.gbrmpa.gov.au\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[5] The Big Green island Reef Cruises Company Website. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/greenisland.com.au\/our-company\/environment\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/greenisland.com.au\/our-company\/environment\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Images:<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/thistinyplanet.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/coral_bleach2.png<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/geographical.co.uk\/media\/k2\/items\/cache\/1706b33fef7712ba31cca5e36abb2536_XL.jpg<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Climate change is the #1 threat to coral reefs. Businesses in the tourism industry will be impacted negatively but can take action to mitigate the damage and minimize their own carbon footprint.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1994,"featured_media":13799,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[1442,1218,1672,1560,37,1543,1955,1103],"class_list":["post-13798","hck-submission","type-hck-submission","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-australia","category-climate-change","category-coral-bleaching","category-great-barrier-reef","category-innovation","category-ocean-acidification","category-rising-sea-temperature","category-sustainable-business"],"connected_submission_link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/assignment\/climate-change-challenge-2016\/","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Coral Reef or Coral DebReef? - Technology and Operations Management<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/coral-reef-or-coral-debreef\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Coral Reef or Coral DebReef? - Technology and Operations Management\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Climate change is the #1 threat to coral reefs. 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