{"id":13579,"date":"2016-11-04T17:51:28","date_gmt":"2016-11-04T21:51:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/boston-steps-up-fight-against-climate-change\/"},"modified":"2016-11-04T17:51:28","modified_gmt":"2016-11-04T21:51:28","slug":"boston-steps-up-fight-against-climate-change","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/boston-steps-up-fight-against-climate-change\/","title":{"rendered":"Boston Steps Up Fight Against Climate Change"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Boston, with its cold and snowy winters, might be expected to be one of the first cities to dismiss the threat of climate change and embrace rising global temperatures.\u00a0 Sure the ski season would be a bit shorter, but summers on Cape Cod would last longer, the subway (known locally at the \u201cT\u201d) would suffer fewer shutdowns and the City could allocate money from its snow removal budget to more urgent needs.\u00a0 Although this all sounds appealing, Boston, acknowledging that its fate is closely tied to the sea, has elected to take action against the impact of climate change.<\/p>\n<p>Many areas of Boston sit near sea level making the city particularly vulnerable to rising ocean levels and strong storms.\u00a0 Flooding, even today, represents a significant threat to private and public infrastructure and threatens the ability of the city to respond in emergency situations [1].\u00a0 A recent study conducted for the City and released in June under the \u201cClimate Ready Boston\u201d initiative, highlights that under certain emissions scenarios, Boston could see sea levels rise an additional 8 inches by 2030, 1.5 feet by 2050 and 3.1 feet by 2070 [2].\u00a0 Already, Boston has seen sea levels rise 10 inches since 1920, although half that is due to land subsidence [3].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Rising-sea-levels.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-13460\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Rising-sea-levels-300x199.png\" alt=\"rising-sea-levels\" width=\"494\" height=\"328\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Rising-sea-levels-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Rising-sea-levels-768x509.png 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Rising-sea-levels-1024x679.png 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Rising-sea-levels-600x398.png 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Rising-sea-levels.png 1680w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 494px) 100vw, 494px\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Rising-Sea-levels-2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-13487\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Rising-Sea-levels-2-300x228.png\" alt=\"rising-sea-levels-2\" width=\"419\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Rising-Sea-levels-2-300x228.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Rising-Sea-levels-2-768x584.png 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Rising-Sea-levels-2-1024x779.png 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Rising-Sea-levels-2-600x456.png 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Rising-Sea-levels-2.png 1114w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>It is not only rising sea levels that pose a threat to the City and its citizens.\u00a0 Rising temperatures are also expected to pose significant challenges, especially to the most vulnerable portion of the population, such as the elderly, poor and those with acute respiratory illnesses [2].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Temps.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13508 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Temps-300x214.png\" alt=\"temps\" width=\"452\" height=\"322\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Temps-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Temps-768x548.png 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Temps-1024x731.png 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Temps-600x428.png 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Temps.png 1569w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 452px) 100vw, 452px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>In 2007, responding to expected increases in sea levels, temperatures and other threats posed by climate change, Boston\u2019s then mayor, Thomas Menino, issued an executive order that directed the city to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 25% by 2020 and 80% by 2050.\u00a0 Recognizing our ever changing understanding of climate change, the executive order requires the city to update its plan every three years [4]. \u00a0To help reach this goal, the city has [4]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conducted over 35,800 energy audits,<\/li>\n<li>Completed ~18,000 \u201cweatherization, heating replacements and other upgrades\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Installed 14.3 megawatts of solar capacity<\/li>\n<li>Reduced vehicle miles travelled per capita by 0.5%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Results from this effort, while encouraging, leave the City with a significant challenge ahead of it.\u00a0 From 2005 through 2013, Boston reduced greenhouse gas emissions by roughly 18%, although a majority of this reduction was the result of a \u201ccleaner electric grid\u201d [5].\u00a0 This leaves the city with an additional 8% of reductions needed for the 2014-2020 timeframe, which will be more difficult to achieve [5].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Emissions-1-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13540 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Emissions-1-1-300x107.png\" alt=\"emissions-1\" width=\"678\" height=\"242\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Emissions-1-1-300x107.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Emissions-1-1-768x273.png 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Emissions-1-1-1024x364.png 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Emissions-1-1-600x213.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 678px) 100vw, 678px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Beyond reducing emissions, Boston has been taking steps to prepare the City in the near term by assessing vulnerabilities to municipal buildings, infrastructure and operational capabilities, assessing potential impacts to hazardous materials and sites, more closely working with insurance companies, and identifying opportunities to improve storm water management [5].\u00a0 This is just a small sample of what the City is doing, but each plays an important part of making Boston more resilient to the effects of climate change.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Stormreduction.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-13567 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Stormreduction-300x283.png\" alt=\"stormreduction\" width=\"336\" height=\"317\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Stormreduction-300x283.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Stormreduction-600x566.png 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Stormreduction.png 629w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 336px) 100vw, 336px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>While all of these efforts are costly for the City and its taxpayers, there are a number of positive results that should materialize beyond the direct benefit of protecting public and private infrastructure.\u00a0 Efforts to reduce energy consumption within the City government itself, by private citizens and via improved transportation infrastructure have the added benefit of lowering overall energy costs.\u00a0 These savings, assuming energy costs per unit remain stable, should result in financial savings for the city and more spending power for its citizens [6].\u00a0 A second benefit of reduced emissions and is cleaner air, which has its own health and related financial benefits for the City as a whole.<\/p>\n<p>While the city of Boston should realize a number of benefits from its effort to address climate change, it can and should do more.\u00a0 In tandem with its emissions reductions goals, the City should strongly encourage the development of green energy technology by the private sector within City limits.\u00a0 This would likely lead the City to gain access to the newest and most efficient technologies and could help drive economic growth that would create additional tax revenue for the City and economic opportunities for its citizens.<\/p>\n<p>(695 words)<\/p>\n<p>[1] Massport, \u201cClimate Ready Boston\u201d (PDF file), downloaded from Massport website, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.massport.com\/media\/266281\/2013-October_Climate-Ready-Boston.pdf\">https:\/\/www.massport.com\/media\/266281\/2013-October_Climate-Ready-Boston.pdf<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n<p>[2] City of Boston, \u201cClimate Projection Consensus\u201d (PDF file), downloaded from City of Boston website, \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/climateready.boston.gov\/findings#spring2016\">http:\/\/climateready.boston.gov\/findings#spring2016<\/a>, accessed November 2016\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 .<\/p>\n<p>[3] City of Boston, \u201cSea Level in Boston Harbor,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cityofboston.gov\/climate\/sealevelriseboston.asp\">http:\/\/www.cityofboston.gov\/climate\/sealevelriseboston.asp<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n<p>[4] City of Boston, \u201cMayor Menino Announces Boston\u2019s Climate\u00a0 Action Progress\u00a0 on the One Year Anniversary of Hurricane Sandy,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cityofboston.gov\/news\/default.aspx?id=6381\">http:\/\/www.cityofboston.gov\/news\/default.aspx?id=6381<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n<p>[5] Greenovate Boston, \u201c2014 Climate Action Plan Update\u201d (PDF file) , downloaded from Greenovate Boston website, <a href=\"http:\/\/plan.greenovateboston.org\/\">http:\/\/plan.greenovateboston.org\/<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n<p>[6] The New Climate Economy, \u201cAccelerating Low-Carbon Development in the World\u2019s Cities\u201d (PDF file), downloaded from The New Climate Economy website, <a href=\"http:\/\/newclimateeconomy.report\/2015\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2015\/09\/NCE2015_workingpaper_cities_final_web.pdf\">http:\/\/newclimateeconomy.report\/2015\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2015\/09\/NCE2015_workingpaper_cities_final_web.pdf<\/a>, accessed November 2016<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Boston thinks short and long term to prepare itself for a warmer future<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1871,"featured_media":13801,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[639,1794,1218,1383,1707],"class_list":["post-13579","hck-submission","type-hck-submission","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-boston","category-climate-action-plan","category-climate-change","category-rising-sea-levels","category-rising-temperatures"],"connected_submission_link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/assignment\/climate-change-challenge-2016\/","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO 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