{"id":11709,"date":"2016-11-04T15:35:52","date_gmt":"2016-11-04T19:35:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/going-paperless\/"},"modified":"2016-11-04T15:35:52","modified_gmt":"2016-11-04T19:35:52","slug":"going-paperless","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/going-paperless\/","title":{"rendered":"Going paperless?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Paper! Either for printing or writing, in a school or office environment, we see it everywhere. Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% since 1960 with roughly 1\/3 of harvested trees being used to produce paper. More than 400 million tons of paper<sup>1<\/sup> are produced each year.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/1-3.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11600\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/1-3-300x161.png\" alt=\"1\" width=\"602\" height=\"323\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/1-3-300x161.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/1-3-768x412.png 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/1-3-1024x549.png 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/1-3-600x322.png 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/1-3.png 1353w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>But if one were to consider all recent advances in technology plus all campaigns promoting a paperless life style, how can it be that production is still increasing? Studies link the underlying reason with cost reduction and affordability. But what is the toll on environment?<sup>234<\/sup>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Deforestation: c.30-million acres of forest are devastated each year, which results in a 12-17% contribution to annual global greenhouse gas emissions. At the current rate, all rainforests will disappear in less than 100 years<\/li>\n<li>Water consumption: paper production requires (a lot) of water \u2013 an A4 paper sheet uses up to 10 liters<\/li>\n<li>Energy consumption: The pulp and paper industry is the 5<sup>th<\/sup> largest, accounting for 4% of the world\u2019s energy use<\/li>\n<li>Pollution: from the moment a tree is cut down till the end when it rots or is burned, either methane or carbon dioxide are released in the atmosphere<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>So what can we do if we cannot stop using paper? Recycling may be a solution. However, while recycling has some benefits, it does not provide a definitive solution simply because paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Seven to ten times through is about the maximum before the fibers break down<sup>3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>In the case of Altri<sup>5<\/sup>, a Portuguese industrial conglomerate that operates in wood pulp production, three activities are in place: (i) cultivation of forests for the timber and paper industry, (ii) co-generation of energy, and (iii) waste management (biomass).<\/p>\n<p>As per 2015 annual report<sup>6<\/sup>, \u201c(\u2026) strategy implementation is based on integrated forest management (\u2026), ensuring a full recovery of all its components. Thus, the eucalyptus is processed in Altri mills, producing pulp and power (cogeneration). The (\u2026) waste are used to produce electric energy from biomass\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Since 2013, Altri has dedicated teams working on these issues, namely Altri Florestal and EDP Bioel\u00e9ctrica (see organizational chart below).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/2-5.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11601\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/2-5-300x150.png\" alt=\"2\" width=\"620\" height=\"310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/2-5-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/2-5-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/2-5-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/2-5-600x300.png 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/2-5.png 1166w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Forest management<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Forest management became a key component of Altri in 2010. It manages circa 84,000 hectares of forest, most comply of eucalyptus trees (80% of total area), which implies a self-sufficiency level of c.25%. To reduce transportation costs and oil consumed, the majority of forests are concentrated close to the group\u2019s mills.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/3-4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11602\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/3-4-300x206.png\" alt=\"3\" width=\"699\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/3-4-300x206.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/3-4-768x527.png 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/3-4-600x412.png 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/3-4.png 928w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Altri is certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and by the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC), two worldwide acknowledged certification entities. All pulps produced are approved by Nordic Ecolabelling of Paper Products and the European Ecolabel.<\/p>\n<p>A particular feature of Altri is its use of R&amp;D. For trees with lower productivity rates, innovations have been introduced to increase its \u201cyield\u201d over the long term. Nonetheless, in regions where the eucalyptus has failed to succeed, the original flora has been restored.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cogeneration<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Cogeneration is the simultaneous production of heat and power utilising one primary fuel, such as natural gas, oil, wood or wood-waste. These \u2018primary\u2019 fuels are used to make electricity, which is known as a \u2018secondary\u2019 fuel.<\/p>\n<p>In the case of Altri, the pulp mills burn the black liquor (primary fuel) at the recovery boiler, generating electrical and thermal power that\u00a0is sold to the grid. Cogeneration represents one of the major investments made by Altri in its recent history, and has recently breakeven, with the excess capacity of electrical power being sold to national electrical company.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Waste management: Biomass<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Forest biomass results from tree tops, limbs and cull material left over from logging activity. \u00a0The forest biomass is burned in a biomass-fire boiler that transfers the heat from combustion into steam that is used to produce electricity.<\/p>\n<p>The use of biomass for energy does not cause an increase in carbon dioxide emissions because as trees and plants grow, they use photosynthesis to remove carbon from the atmosphere. Biomass is a creative way to get rid of waste materials that otherwise would create environmental risks.<\/p>\n<p>Altri is present in the biomass renewable energy business through a joint venture company, EDP Bioel\u00e9ctica, and produces\u00a0a total\u00a062 MW of electric power.<\/p>\n<p>In summary, by taking these steps, the company expects to keep the long term sustainability of its business while playing a role in climate change. The impact of these actions are not simple and should provide long term benefits versus the short term investment cost \u2013 initial results, as per the pictures below, show significant improvement after 3 years of investment. But if Altri takes the lead, it may set an example for companies in the same industry. (798 words)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Final.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11665\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Final-295x300.png\" alt=\"final\" width=\"650\" height=\"661\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Final-295x300.png 295w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Final-768x780.png 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Final-591x600.png 591w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/Final.png 773w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>[1] Statista, \u201cProduction volume of paper and cardboard worldwide 2006 to 2014 (in million metric tons)\u201d. 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/270314\/production-of-paper-and-cardboard-in-selected-countries\/\">https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/270314\/production-of-paper-and-cardboard-in-selected-countries\/<\/a>, accessed November 2016<\/p>\n<p>[2] The World Counts, \u201cA useful but wasteful product\u2026\u201d. January 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theworldcounts.com\/stories\/Environmental_Impact_of_Paper_Production\">http:\/\/www.theworldcounts.com\/stories\/Environmental_Impact_of_Paper_Production<\/a>, accessed November 2016<\/p>\n<p>[3] The Paperless Project, \u201cFacts About Paper: The Impact of Consumption\u201d. January 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thepaperlessproject.com\/facts-about-paper-the-impact-of-consumption\/\">http:\/\/www.thepaperlessproject.com\/facts-about-paper-the-impact-of-consumption\/<\/a>, accessed November 2016<\/p>\n<p>[4] Judson, D.S., \u201cPaper \u2013 The environmental catastrophe\u201d, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.infoaktiv.com\/assets\/Paper%20-%20The%20Environmental%20Catastrophe.pdf\">http:\/\/www.infoaktiv.com\/assets\/Paper%20-%20The%20Environmental%20Catastrophe.pdf<\/a>, accessed November 2016<\/p>\n<p>[5] Company\u2019s website, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.altri.com\/article\/why-nike-and-mit-see-textiles-material-climate-change\">https:\/\/www.altri.com<\/a>, accessed November 2016<\/p>\n<p>[6] Company\u2019s 2015 annual report, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.altri.pt\/~\/media\/Files\/A\/Altri-V2\/reports-and-presentations\/reports\/english\/2015\/ALTRI_2015_AGA_EN.pdf\">http:\/\/www.altri.pt\/~\/media\/Files\/A\/Altri-V2\/reports-and-presentations\/reports\/english\/2015\/ALTRI_2015_AGA_EN.pdf<\/a>, accessed November 2016<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How can companies producing wood pulp expect to remain viable in the long term if its inputs are getting more and more scarce? 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