{"id":11671,"date":"2016-11-04T15:09:10","date_gmt":"2016-11-04T19:09:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/sustainable-toilets-a-pleasant-solution-to-a-foul-problem\/"},"modified":"2016-11-04T15:09:10","modified_gmt":"2016-11-04T19:09:10","slug":"sustainable-toilets-a-pleasant-solution-to-a-foul-problem","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/sustainable-toilets-a-pleasant-solution-to-a-foul-problem\/","title":{"rendered":"Sustainable Toilets: A Pleasant Solution to a Foul Problem"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Whoooooosssshhhhhh!<\/em>\u00a0 Humans around the world use toilets six to eight times per day, accompanied by the familiar sound of the water flush.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>\u00a0 Since 40% of the world\u2019s population remains without access to toilets, international attention on sanitation problems, hence the upcoming United Nations Water World Toilet Day on November 19.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>\u00a0 However, a new challenge has emerged: as climate change and resulting droughts threaten the world\u2019s water supply, can we afford to keep flushing our problems away?\u00a0 Nonprofit RTI International has developed an incinerator toilet\u2014entirely self-sustaining in energy efficiency\u2014that will revolutionize water use in human waste disposal.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The world\u2019s most terrifying problem is climate change.\u00a0 Water stress in lower mid-altitude arid and semi-arid regions, caused by climate change-stimulated droughts, is among climate change\u2019s most pressing problems.<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>\u00a0 The southwestern United States faces massive water shortages despite large and growing populations, presenting an intractable quandary.<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>\u00a0 Should fresh water supplies be transported from elsewhere\u2014and further drain already strained reservoirs in other locations\u2014or should desalination be used to convert seawater, but destroying oceanic ecosystems in the process?<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a><sup>, <a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> Both options are extraordinarily energy and capital intensive, requiring immense upfront investment.\u00a0 The optimal choice is unclear, but one conclusion follows: humans must find new ways to use less water.<\/p>\n<p>Empowered by a research grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, RTI International sees opportunity in adapting to water scarcity.\u00a0 RTI\u2019s toilet requires no electricity, water, or sewer connection.<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>\u00a0 It works by mechanically separating solid and liquid waste and burning solid waste using a combustion unit.<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>\u00a0 Thermal energy produced by combustion is then used to disinfect liquid waste using electrochemical treatment.<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>\u00a0 As of October 2016, RTI is beta testing a prototype toilet in India.<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/8159.3_toilet2_CloseUp_v3-768x487.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-11576\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/8159.3_toilet2_CloseUp_v3-768x487-300x190.jpg\" alt=\"8159-3_toilet2_closeup_v3-768x487\" width=\"300\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/8159.3_toilet2_CloseUp_v3-768x487-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/8159.3_toilet2_CloseUp_v3-768x487.jpg 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/8159.3_toilet2_CloseUp_v3-768x487-600x380.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 1. <\/strong>The sustainable RTI incinerator toilet.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/IMG_0837.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-11577\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/IMG_0837-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"img_0837\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/IMG_0837-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/IMG_0837-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/11\/IMG_0837.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 2. <\/strong>The RTI prototype in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Incinerator toilets offer significant advantages over alternative options for sustainable toilets.\u00a0 For example, no-flush toilets lead to sludge in sewer systems and bad odors. <a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>\u00a0 Although they also require no water or electricity, they are largely limited to urinals.\u00a0 Freezing toilets require electricity, which limits sustainability.<\/p>\n<p>Considering billions of toilets exist worldwide, even at high unit price, the Total Available Market for incinerator toilets is massive.\u00a0 Over 4 billion people use toilets every day, resulting in as much as 51.2 billion gallons of water used daily by toilets.<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>\u00a0 Today, RTI\u2019s incinerator toilet can be operated for less than $0.05\/day in India, which is less than the approximately $0.08\/day low-flush toilets currently cost in the U.S.<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a><sup>, <a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0 However, incinerator toilets are costly relative to existing toilets\u2014which have still not reached the entire world population\u2014limiting the Serviceable Available Market and Serviceable Obtainable Market (SOM).<\/p>\n<p>In order to address challenges associated with converting research prototypes to mass market products, RTI must focus on four tasks following successful development.\u00a0 First, RTI must reduce unit cost in order to maximize SOM; much future market growth is in developing economies, and the longevity of toilet product life has led to low replacement rates.\u00a0 Second, RTI must find manufacturing partners who can produce the toilet, including in or near international markets currently or imminently facing water scarcity, and develop a supply chain that can both meet demand and sustainably source materials.\u00a0 As a nonprofit, like IKEA, RTI can utilize net income to fund sales growth and further sustainability research.\u00a0 Third, RTI must market and sell the toilet aggressively worldwide, including by partnering with the United Nations and nongovernmental organizations already working to raise climate change and sustainability awareness.\u00a0 Lastly, in order to gain a toehold in the market, RTI must lobby for government, tax, and regulatory changes to incentivize incinerator toilet installation.\u00a0 RTI toilets offer a complete solution to a real problem, and the world must invest now or confront impossible costs later.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(800 words)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> World Toilet Organization, <a href=\"http:\/\/worldtoilet.org\/\">http:\/\/worldtoilet.org\/<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> RTI International, \u201cReinventing the Toilet,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/abettertoilet.org\/\">http:\/\/abettertoilet.org\/<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> World Economic Forum, Climate Adaptation in 2014: Seizing the Challenge, p. 25, <a href=\"http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/GAC\/2014\/WEF_GAC_ClimateChange_AdaptationSeizingChallenge_Report_2014.pdf\">http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/GAC\/2014\/WEF_GAC_ClimateChange_AdaptationSeizingChallenge_Report_2014.pdf<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, \u201cA Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/climate-indicators\/southwest\">https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/climate-indicators\/southwest<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Scientific American, \u201cThe Impacts of Relying on Desalination for Water,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/the-impacts-of-relying-on-desalination\/\">https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/the-impacts-of-relying-on-desalination\/<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> Roman Kilisek, \u201cClimate Change, Desalination and the Water-Food-Energy Nexus,\u201d <em>Breaking Energy<\/em>, January 24, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/breakingenergy.com\/2014\/01\/24\/climate-change-desalination-and-the-water-food-energy-nexus\/\">http:\/\/breakingenergy.com\/2014\/01\/24\/climate-change-desalination-and-the-water-food-energy-nexus\/<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> RTI International, supra note 3.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> Lauren K.\u00a0 Ohnesorge, \u201cRTI Opens Indian Subsidiary, Tackles Toilets, Cancer,\u201d <em>Triangle Business Journal<\/em>, February 24, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bizjournals.com\/triangle\/blog\/techflash\/2015\/02\/rti-international-opens-indian-subsidiary-rtp.html\">http:\/\/www.bizjournals.com\/triangle\/blog\/techflash\/2015\/02\/rti-international-opens-indian-subsidiary-rtp.html<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> Phil Matier &amp; Andy Ross, \u201cLow-Flow Toilets Cause a Stink in SF,\u201d <em>San Francisco Gate,<\/em> February 28, 2011, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/bayarea\/matier-ross\/article\/Low-flow-toilets-cause-a-stink-in-SF-2457645.php\">http:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/bayarea\/matier-ross\/article\/Low-flow-toilets-cause-a-stink-in-SF-2457645.php<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> Estimate assumes approximately eight daily flushes per person. \u00a0Since low-flush toilets use under 1.6 gallons\/flush and are now common worldwide, the 1.6 gpf figure was used to be conservative.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> Ohnesorge, supra note 12.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> Fairfax County Water Association, \u201cIs Water Free?\u201d, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fcwa.org\/story_of_water\/html\/costs.htm\">https:\/\/www.fcwa.org\/story_of_water\/html\/costs.htm<\/a>, accessed November 2016.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As climate change and resulting droughts threaten the world\u2019s water supply, can we afford to keep flushing our problems away?  Nonprofit RTI International has developed an incinerator toilet\u2014entirely self-sustaining in energy efficiency\u2014that will revolutionize water use in human waste disposal.  http:\/\/abettertoilet.org\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2335,"featured_media":11672,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[737,1218,1356,98,81,244,401,14,1103,29,1628,427],"class_list":["post-11671","hck-submission","type-hck-submission","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bathrooms","category-climate-change","category-drought","category-environment","category-india","category-non-profit","category-social-enterprise","category-sustainability","category-sustainable-business","category-waste","category-wastewater","category-water"],"connected_submission_link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/assignment\/climate-change-challenge-2016\/","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Sustainable Toilets: A Pleasant Solution to a Foul Problem - Technology and Operations Management<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-rctom\/submission\/sustainable-toilets-a-pleasant-solution-to-a-foul-problem\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sustainable Toilets: A Pleasant Solution to a Foul Problem - Technology and Operations Management\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"As climate change and resulting droughts threaten the world\u2019s water supply, can we afford to keep flushing our problems away? 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