  {"id":4196,"date":"2017-02-26T18:13:38","date_gmt":"2017-02-26T23:13:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digital.hbs.edu\/platform-digit\/submission\/wikileaks-the-democratization-commoditization-of-secretive-information\/"},"modified":"2017-02-26T18:33:08","modified_gmt":"2017-02-26T23:33:08","slug":"wikileaks-the-democratization-commoditization-of-secretive-information","status":"publish","type":"hck-submission","link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/submission\/wikileaks-the-democratization-commoditization-of-secretive-information\/","title":{"rendered":"WikiLeaks: The Democratization &amp; Commoditization of Secretive Information"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>\u201cWe were young, we were foolish, we were arrogant, but we were right\u201d \u2013 Daniel Ellsburg<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Ellsburg<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>On April 5, 2010, WikiLeaks released a classified US military video depicting the killing of over one dozen people by an Apache helicopter in the Iraqi suburb of New Baghdad, including two people on the Reuters news staff. After the release of the video, Reuters attempted, unsuccessfully, to obtain the video through the Freedom of Information Act, and the US military remained silent on how the two Reuters staff members were killed. The videos shocked the global community and served as fuel for those in the US and abroad who were opposed to the US invasion of Iraq and perceived American imperialism in the Middle East.<\/p>\n<p>How is it that WikiLeaks, a small, dispersed online community of political-activists with limited funding and resources, was able to obtain this highly damaging video, while a massive international news organization such as Reuters was unable to do so, even after the video leaked? The answer: by creating a powerful platform consisting of whistle-blowers and international news outlets, WikiLeaks has democratized and commoditized global governments\u2019 sensitive and secretive information.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Information warfare<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Founded in 2006 by Australian hacker turned political-activist Julian Assange, WikiLeaks touts itself as a multi-national media organization that specializes in the analysis and publication of censored and restricted official materials involving war, spying, and corruption [1]. Operating with a staff of over one hundred people globally, WikiLeaks has published more than 10 million documents and related analyses [2].<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cWikiLeaks is a giant library of the world\u2019s most persecuted documents. We give asylum to these documents, we analyze them, we promote them and we obtain more.\u201d &#8211; Julian Assange<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Since its inception, WikiLeaks has played a crucial role as a platform connecting international\u00a0media outlets with whistle-blowers and leakers afraid of prosecution. WikiLeaks success and ability to scale over the years has stemmed from two primary factors related to its ability to create and capture value: i) perceived independence and credibility, ii) strong relationships with collaborators, on both sides of its platform.<\/p>\n<p>WikiLeaks quickly grew to prominence as a result of its ability to accept and display leaked information without exposing sources\u2019 identities or caving to government pressure to censors its input [3]. According to Alex Howard, a senior analyst at\u00a0the\u00a0Sunlight Foundation, an advocacy\u00a0group\u00a0pushing for government transparency: \u201cit was hugely significant, the technical capacity to enable whistle-blowing, and then to keep the documents in question online through distributed\u00a0networks and mirroring\u201d [4].<\/p>\n<p>WikiLeaks worked closely with global media partners to confirm the veracity of submitted leaks, as well as to redact potentially sensitive personal information prior to their release. Glenn Greenwald, a journalist for The Guardian well-known for his role in the Edward Snowden NSA scandal, confirmed that WikiLeaks worked closely with partners to redact information when releasing Pentagon documents about the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, even writing \u201ca letter to the State Department before [releasing] the cables requesting the State Department\u2019s help in figuring out which information ought to be withheld\u201d [5].<\/p>\n<p>WikiLeaks perceived journalistic integrity and desire to work with, and protect, partners on each side of its platform, allowed it to grow rapidly and garner significant recognition via numerous journalistic awards, becoming the central conduit for whistle-blowers to disseminate information to the global community.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\"><strong>Award Name<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\"><strong>Year<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\">The Economist New Media Award<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2008<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\">The Amnesty New Media Award<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2009<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\">TIME Magazine Person of the Year, People\u2019s Choice<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2010<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\">The Sam Adams Award for Integrity<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2010<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\">The National Union of Journalists Journalist of the Year (Hrafnsson)<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2011<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\">The Sydney Peace Foundation Gold Medal<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2011<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\">The Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2011<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\">The Blanquerna Award for Best Communicator<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2011<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\">The Walkley Award for Most Outstanding Contribution to Journalism<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2011<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\">The Voltaire Award for Free Speech<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2011<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\">The International Piero Passetti Journalism Prize of the National Union of Italian Journalists<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2011<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\">The Jose Couso Press Freedom Award<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2011<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\">The Privacy International Hero of Privacy<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2012<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\">The Global Exchange Human Rights People\u2019s Choice Award<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\">The Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Award for the Arts<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\">The Brazillian Press Association Human Rights Award<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"522\">The Kazakstan Union of Journalists Top Prize<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>[6]<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Weaponization<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In recent years, however, WikiLeaks has come under significant scrutiny from even its staunchest allies, as many of the factors that enabled it to scale, namely the platform and its operators\u2019 credibility, have come into question.<\/p>\n<p>The most recent US presidential election serves as an important window into people\u2019s concerns that WikiLeaks has transitioned from a model of information distribution to weaponization in order to serve its own political purposes. During the election, many observers believe that WikiLeaks played favorites when releasing sensitive and potentially embarrassing information (e.g. Democractic National Committee email hack). More importantly, many believe that WikiLeaks was politically motivated, and may have even been working with Russian intelligence to directly influence the outcome of the election [7]. During points of the campaign, the WikiLeaks Twitter account sometimes looked more like an opposition research firm working to undermine Hillary Clinton than a platform to provide updates from non-partisan whistle-blowers [8].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/hillary.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4198 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/hillary-300x186.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"384\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/hillary-300x186.jpg 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/hillary-768x476.jpg 768w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/hillary-1024x635.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/hillary-600x372.jpg 600w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/hillary.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">[9]<\/p>\n<p>Further, many organizations that were formerly collaborators and supporters of WikiLeaks have begun to distance themselves as a result of its recent insistence not to redact potentially sensitive information from its postings. Even Edward Snowden, who exposed the NSA\u2019s surveillance program, and who WikiLeaks helped escape to political asylum in Russia, has criticized WikiLeak\u2019s insistence on releasing all information it receives in raw form [10].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/snowden.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4199 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/snowden-300x180.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"458\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/snowden-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/snowden.png 592w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">[11]<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Panama<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In a world where success attracts attention from potential competitors, any perceived compromise in WikiLeak\u2019s independence and credibility could be hugely damaging for its information gathering and distribution platform. The risk of new entrants is particularly magnified given the ability of whistle-blowers and media outlets to access the same central service that WikiLeaks provides from multiple platforms. Platform participants&#8217; ability to multihome significantly reduces WikiLeak&#8217;s leverage over potential competitors should its users lose faith in its objectivity and independence.<\/p>\n<p>Paul Rosenzweig, a cybersecurity consultant who worked in the Department of Homeland Security under George W. Bush, argues that this may already be taking place, as WikiLeak\u2019s \u201cradical transparency\u201d loses appeal when people believe it has become a tool for\u00a0governments to use\u00a0against\u00a0one another [12].<\/p>\n<p>In fact, coverage of the biggest mass leak of the last year, the Panama Papers, was handled by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, without the involvement of WikiLeaks. The Consortium coordinated with over 100 media organizations to analyze the documents and avoided releasing personal information when it distributed its findings. Going forward, there is a very real risk that WikiLeaks sees the power of its platform erode as whistle-blowers prefer to work with organizations that are not seen as politically motivated or irresponsible leakers of personal data [13].<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cIf you\u2019re the next Snowden, do you go there, or do you go to a media organization that has a different approach, that has the\u00a0capacity\u00a0and ethical standards that says potential harms are addressed&#8221; &#8211; Alex Howard <\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>References<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>[1] \u201cWhat is WikiLeaks.\u201d <em>WikiLeaks<\/em>. November 3, 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/wikileaks.org\/What-is-Wikileaks.html\">https:\/\/wikileaks.org\/What-is-Wikileaks.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[2] \u201cWhat is WikiLeaks.\u201d <em>WikiLeaks<\/em>. November 3, 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/wikileaks.org\/What-is-Wikileaks.html\">https:\/\/wikileaks.org\/What-is-Wikileaks.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[3] Brustein, Jousha. \u201cWhy Wikileaks is Losing its Friends.\u201d <em>Bloomberg.<\/em> July 29, 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-07-29\/why-wikileaks-is-losing-its-friends\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-07-29\/why-wikileaks-is-losing-its-friends<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[4] Brustein, Jousha. \u201cWhy Wikileaks is Losing its Friends.\u201d <em>Bloomberg.<\/em> July 29, 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-07-29\/why-wikileaks-is-losing-its-friends\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-07-29\/why-wikileaks-is-losing-its-friends<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[5] Mackey, Robert. \u201cWhat Julian Assange\u2019s War on Hillary Clinton Says About WikiLeaks.\u201d <em>The Intercept<\/em>. August 6, 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2016\/08\/06\/accusing-wikileaks-bias-beside-point\/\">https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2016\/08\/06\/accusing-wikileaks-bias-beside-point\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[6] \u201cWhat is WikiLeaks.\u201d <em>WikiLeaks<\/em>. November 3, 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/wikileaks.org\/What-is-Wikileaks.html\">https:\/\/wikileaks.org\/What-is-Wikileaks.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[7] Brustein, Jousha. \u201cWhy Wikileaks is Losing its Friends.\u201d <em>Bloomberg.<\/em> July 29, 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-07-29\/why-wikileaks-is-losing-its-friends\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-07-29\/why-wikileaks-is-losing-its-friends<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[8] Mackey, Robert. \u201cWhat Julian Assange\u2019s War on Hillary Clinton Says About WikiLeaks.\u201d <em>The Intercept<\/em>. August 6, 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2016\/08\/06\/accusing-wikileaks-bias-beside-point\/\">https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2016\/08\/06\/accusing-wikileaks-bias-beside-point\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[9] Twitter.<\/p>\n<p>[10] Brustein, Jousha. \u201cWhy Wikileaks is Losing its Friends.\u201d <em>Bloomberg.<\/em> July 29, 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-07-29\/why-wikileaks-is-losing-its-friends\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-07-29\/why-wikileaks-is-losing-its-friends<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[11] Twitter.<\/p>\n<p>[12] Brustein, Jousha. \u201cWhy Wikileaks is Losing its Friends.\u201d <em>Bloomberg.<\/em> July 29, 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-07-29\/why-wikileaks-is-losing-its-friends\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-07-29\/why-wikileaks-is-losing-its-friends<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[13] Brustein, Jousha. \u201cWhy Wikileaks is Losing its Friends.\u201d <em>Bloomberg.<\/em> July 29, 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-07-29\/why-wikileaks-is-losing-its-friends\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-07-29\/why-wikileaks-is-losing-its-friends<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A platform built on the power (and fear) of information<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":504,"featured_media":4197,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[1248,354,1247],"class_list":["post-4196","hck-submission","type-hck-submission","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-assange","category-platform","category-wikileaks"],"connected_submission_link":"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/assignment\/growing-businesses-in-the-age-of-platforms\/","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>WikiLeaks: The Democratization &amp; Commoditization of Secretive Information - Digital Innovation and Transformation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/submission\/wikileaks-the-democratization-commoditization-of-secretive-information\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"WikiLeaks: The Democratization &amp; Commoditization of Secretive Information - Digital Innovation and Transformation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A platform built on the power (and fear) of information\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/submission\/wikileaks-the-democratization-commoditization-of-secretive-information\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Digital Innovation and Transformation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2017-02-26T23:33:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/02\/assange.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"980\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"552\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/d3.harvard.edu\\\/platform-digit\\\/submission\\\/wikileaks-the-democratization-commoditization-of-secretive-information\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/d3.harvard.edu\\\/platform-digit\\\/submission\\\/wikileaks-the-democratization-commoditization-of-secretive-information\\\/\",\"name\":\"WikiLeaks: The Democratization &amp; 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The founder of a website which published tens of thousands of leaked military files about the war in Afghanistan said Monday they showed that the \\\"course of the war needs to change\\\". In all, some 92,000 documents dating back to 2004 were released by the whistleblowers' website Wikileaks to the New York Times, Britain's Guardian newspaper, and Germany's Der Spiegel news weekly. Assange also used a press conference in London to dismiss the White House's furious reaction to the disclosures. 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